Hearing the words "the rule of three generations of the royal paradise", Dahai's eyes lit up, and then quickly dimmed. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

All this did not escape the thief's eyes of Jia Daoshi Zhu Junshi, who enthusiastically took Dahai's hand and talked endlessly to Dahai about the Tianxian human rights of the two countries, and depicted the beautiful pie of the revival of the three generations.

Sun Yi took the opportunity to reminisce about Dahai's Xia Xianbei hypothesis.

Dahai can be said to be speculating on history from a linguistic point of view. History books can be made up, legends can change, and it stands to reason that this method is more objective than studying history books.

But there were many things in Dahai's words that Sun Yi didn't understand. Although he is a Manchurian, Dahai's sinology background far surpasses that of Sun Yi, to put it mildly, a sky, a land, Sun Yi can't reach the height of others in his life.

But Sun Yi also has his advantage, that is, the latest knowledge from later generations, and Sun Yi feels that Dahai's hypothesis is very likely.

According to molecular anthropology, all modern humans originated in Africa. Scholars speculate that there were two groups of modern humans who first arrived in East Asia, and the genetic numbers C and D were passed from male to female in the paternal line. The C people traveled north along the east coast of the Pacific Ocean, sprinkling countless children and grandchildren along the way, crossing the Bering Strait with great vigor and dignity, all the way to North America. The paternal DNA of all ethnic groups of modern people is like pepper noodles, which are generally mixed with various types, but type C has a high proportion in modern Manchu and Mongolian, so it can be roughly speculated that C is the earliest Donghu.

Experts say that tens of thousands of years ago, they were distributed in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins, but in modern times, a high proportion of them are distributed in Tibet, Qiang and Li on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Due to the barrier of mountains and valleys, the D people are more concentrated in modern times, there is a Baima Tibetan who is classified as Tibetan, how many years do not agree that they are Tibetan, and then the eggs, the result of a genetic test, people are almost 100% paternal D type, expert glasses fell to the ground, Baima Tibetan immediately became an anthropological giant panda, highly suspected that they are the Di people who have disappeared, but academic research for them to restore a single ethnic still eggs. In any case, it can be assumed in general terms that Man D is the oldest Xijon.

It is important to mention here that paternal genes are responsible for the birth of boys and girls, and have little to do with the appearance of human skin color, pupils, etc. It is other genes that are responsible for the appearance of humans. As the saying goes, a nephew is like an uncle, which means that the genes of the mother are more important for the appearance of the human being. Historically, women were snatched up as trophies, so Sun Yi resolutely opposed the division of browns, blacks, and yellows according to paternal genes, which were all nonsense to cheat clicks.

Scholars speculate that C Lao Donghu and D Lao Xirong had been happily creating civilization in East Asia for tens of thousands of years, when suddenly a group of locust-like O people came to the south. The O people are still divided into two routes, the first one goes north along the coastline, and the paternal gene O1 becomes the source of Baiyue; The second road O2, which is distributed in the southwest in modern times, has become the ancestor of Miao Yao; O3, a branch of the second road, is said to have formed the ancestor of Tibetan and Han after mixing with the D people. Five thousand years ago, the Tibetan and Han families in this group of people were separated, and one of the ruthless characters moved (killed) from Qinghai and Gansu to Guanzhong in Shaanxi. They effortlessly drove Qiangzang up to the plateau, drove Miao Yao into the mountains, and ran head-on into Lao Donghu C. The two sides formed gangs and factions to fight and fight, fight each other, capture each other's prisoners, dig each other's walls, and finally form two major alliances of you and me, and I have you. If according to Dahai, the alliance of the old Donghu C people is the Xia people, then the alliance of the ruthless characters is the Chinese people.

The royal family of the Xia nationality, if it is Xianbei, the genetic testing of later generations found that the Xibe tribe is not much different from the Han nationality except for the slightly higher proportion of C, but the paternal genes of other Donghu ethnic groups are more prominent, such as the Oroqen C is as high as 60%, and the Mongolian nationality is 40%. Maybe it was a defector of the Chinese who eventually became the royal family of the Xia clan because of their mastery of advanced civilization? Unknown.

Although the paternal gene O3 accounts for the majority of the Chinese, D, O2, O1, and even C are mixed along the way. Moreover, on the west side of the two ethnic groups in China, a group of R people came.

The proportion of R gene in modern Han China is very low, and slightly higher in Gansu and Shaanxi. This may be the people of the Western Regions in the Han and Tang dynasties, or the Westerners who mixed with the Chinese in ancient times, anyway, molecular anthropology cannot explain this problem at present.

A low proportion does not necessarily mean that the effect is small. Perhaps the R people who mixed into the Chinese brought new technology, and the R people who mixed into the Chinese even became the royal family of the Chinese people, such as the Ji surname of the Zhou Dynasty who said that their ancestor Houji taught the people to grow wheat when they sacrificed.

Maybe the R family didn't get involved at all, and the technology would naturally spread. Maybe the R people were still ruthless and ignorant at that time, and the technology of the Chinese people was originally stronger than that of the Xia people. Anyway, in the end, the Chinese beat away the Xia people from west to east, and the Xia people hid in the white mountains and black waters, so the Han people began to spread the story from Kunlun Mountain, the story of the Yan Emperor and the Yellow Emperor Chiyou, and the story of the Xia Shang Zhou, but the cultural relics can only be found in the Yin Shang era, and the history of the letter can only start from the Zhou public peace in 841 BC.

In fact, the fate of the royal family of the Chinese people was far worse than that of the Xianbei people of the Xia people. Xianbei waited for at least a thousand years and finally came to a big counterattack, the royal family of the Chinese people, at the latest in 200 BC by a low-level civilian named Liu Bang unloaded the mill and killed the donkey subverted, since then the Chinese have become the Han Dynasty, the later generations of Chinese people called them Han with the country as the clan, and the Han became a hodgepodge, and anything can be loaded.

In later generations, some people advocated Hanism, using up to 60% of the O3 paternal genes as the origin of the Han nationality, and preaching the theory of blood purity, which was actually Nazi.

No matter how high the O3 is, it is also the denominator, and the larger the denominator, the less effective it is! Mathematics emphasizes molecules, biology emphasizes the advantages of hybridization, science emphasizes the exchange of new technologies, and history emphasizes the collision of civilizations. In the deep mountains and old forests of Myanmar, there is a tribe called Yu, whose paternal genes are 100% O3, and later renamed the Dulong tribe, which is indeed ruthless and lonely. Genetic testing of the surname Qufu Kong found that nearly half of them were type C. Cao Wei Imperial O2. The Zhao and Song royal families were O1, the Ming Dynasty royal families were O2, and Chiang Kai-shek was O1......

In later generations, there were also people who used the distribution of certain paternal genes to promote the superiority of their own race and oppose Han and hate, which is actually persecution paranoia.

Except for isolated places such as islands and mountains, no group of people's genes are pure, and the old king next door will always have it, and it is far more than you think. Be honest and be a quiet denominator, strive to make your life better, and defend your good life is the last word! Strictly guard against someone who has malicious intentions to fool you into being a temporary member of the patriotic family and patriotism! It is an unforgivable vice to indicate nationality on identity cards.

Modern human molecules can detect the old king next door, and this technique is called paternity testing. A group of curious scientists use this technique to measure the blood relationship between two people, for example, a test value of 0 indicates a direct blood relative, a test value of 10 indicates a blood relative within 10 generations, and a test value of 20 indicates a blood relative within 20 generations. Theoretically, all modern people are from Africa, so there is always a value that indicates blood relationship, but the higher the number, the worse the accuracy of the detection.

There are good people who have measured the values of many famous Wang families, and they are interested in digging up the privacy of more than ten generations of people, and telling the tester in a serious way that this is to help you clean up the source. Someone in the Aixin Jueluo family in later generations was fooled and volunteered to be a guinea pig.

There is no doubt about the high-precision detection technology, but the results of the test are very, very gossipy!

Seven or eight Jue Luo Ye, who is confident to be a royal family with yellow belts, half of them have been excluded from the range of Nurhachi's blood relatives, including a descendant of Nurhachi's lineage who is supported by a detailed family tree.

The remaining Zhenjue Luo have a very close genetic map, and the testers compared the database and found that the genes of the Nurhachi family are far from the other Manchu relatives in Hetuala, Liaoning, where the Manchu originated.

How far is it? Someone later compared the database data and gave the answer: the blood distance between the Nurhachi family and the Manchu Pygmy of Hetuara is as far as the blood distance between the Nurhachi family and the Genghis Khan family, or the blood distance between the Nurhachi family and the Xibe people.

Got it?

According to the logical thinking of Sun Yiyi, a programmer for many years, the meaning of those few sentences is:

The Nurhachi family is neither a Manchu nor a Xibe, nor is it a member of the Golden Family. In other words——— Nurhachi family, who founded the Manchus, is a Manchu foreigner!

This is the secret weapon that Sun Yi prepared to use to sow seeds to Dahai after consulting the information!

————————

References (reprinted from the Internet, the copyright belongs to the original author.) Readers who are not interested can skip it)

The Y chromosome of the royal family of Aisin Jueluo

Yan Shi*, Tang Xuanya (pen name), Wei Lanhai, Yu Ge, Wen Shaoqing, Wang Chuanchao

Key Laboratory of Modern Anthropology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China

*Please contact [email protected]

summary

The Aixinjue Luo clan was the imperial family of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the last dynasty of China. In this study, we analyzed the short series repeats (STRs) of the Y chromosome of 7 males who claimed to belong to the modern family of Aisin Jueluo (3 of which retained a complete family tree), and found that the Y chromosome 17 STR of 3 of them (2 of them had a complete family tree, and their nearest co-ancestor was Qing Taizu Nurhachi) was only 1-2 steps different from each other, and it was extremely rare, so it was determined to be the type of Aixin Jueluo family. The results of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) testing of these three samples indicate that this type belongs to the C3b2b1*-M401 haplogroup, although the STR combinations of these three samples are far from the "clusters" belonging to the same haplogroup. This study provides an important reference for future research on the Jurchen and Manchu origins and the family history of the Qing Dynasty.

Keywords: Y chromosome, paternal, genealogy, family history, haplogroup, Qing dynasty

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Chinese 31271338) and the Ministry of Education's Science and Technology Research Project "Y Chromosome Genetic Structure of Chinese Surnames" (311016).

In the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome, which is unique to males, follows a strict transmission pattern from father to child, and random mutations are gradually produced during the inheritance process, so the male paternal lineage can be reconstructed by comparing the male Y chromosome sequence. Males with a closer common ancestor have similar Y chromosome sequences, while males with a longer common ancestor have greater differences in Y chromosome sequences. There are two main markers commonly used to trace Y chromosome lineages: single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and short tandem repeat (STR). SNPs are changes between types of bases A, G, C, and T at a certain locus, and in most cases repeat mutations (the same mutation occurs at the same locus in different branches) or revert mutations (eg, A becomes G, and G changes back to A after several generations), so males with the same mutation on the Y chromosome usually have a common ancestor. SNP mutations with a relatively high proportion in the population can be used to track lineages that are older (usually more than several thousand years), and rare mutations that have occurred more recently can also be found by high-throughput sequencing of the whole Y chromosome, and the separation time of the branch can be calculated by counting the number of SNPs, with a maximum accuracy of about 100 years, or three or four generations [1]. Whereas, STR is a continuous sequence of 3 – 6 bases repeated several times in a row to dozens of times, and the number of repeats is changed when mutated, that is, the total length is changed. STRs have a high mutation rate and frequent repeat mutations, which can be used to trace relatively recent cladage relationships [2].

Since the Y chromosome is consistent with the traditional family name inheritance and genealogical recording habits of most ethnic groups in East Asia, it is all paternal inheritance, so the Y chromosome can be used to confirm the accuracy of the family tree. Different types of Y chromosomes within the same paternal family occur only when they are born out of wedlock, if they are born out of wedlock, if they are born outside the family, if they are born after the same family name, and if they are adopted by men of the same lineage, they are generally not distinguishable from the Y chromosome. In addition, it is also common in practice to cling to other people's genealogies, resulting in inconsistencies between the pedigree and the Y chromosome.

Due to the uncertainty of paternity, strictly speaking, the Y chromosome results of a modern person can only indicate the type of the person, but cannot fully represent the type of the paternal family to which he belongs. For example, there are many people who are descendants of King Wen of Zhou, and the results of the Y chromosome measured are different. However, if two modern people of the same ancestry can test the same Y chromosome results, it means that the lineage of these two people from the time they are up to their most recent common paternal ancestor is correct. If the results of more than two people can be mutually validated, the conclusions will be more reliable. When the genealogy is too old, due to the accumulation of non-paternity from generation to generation, the results of each descendant's family branch may be different, and the results of ancient DNA may be more reliable than those of modern people and genealogies. However, it is also important to note that the identity of the ancient DNA sample itself may also be problematic and is not the unquestionable gold standard, and in addition, due to the problem of DNA degradation over time [3], the accuracy of the ancient DNA test results may be much less than that of modern samples, resulting in reduced comparison ability or even no results.

……… Omit Paragraph N......

Aixin Jueluo, Yiergen Jueluo, and Shushu Jueluo all belong to Jueluohara, and Hala is equivalent to the ancient surname of the pre-Qin dynasty in China, which theoretically seems to have a common ancestor, but it may also be the same tribe rather than the same paternal line [13]. The word "Aisin" is the meaning of "gold" in Manchu. Aisin Jueluo includes people from Nurhachi's paternal line, the descendants of his great-grandfather Fuman. From the first year of Chongde of the Qing Dynasty (1636), the descendants of Nurhachi's father, Taksi, were called "clansmen", and the rest of the side branches of Aixin Jueluo were called "Jueluo"[14]. Note that the meaning of "Jueluo" is different from the "Jueluo" of Jueluohara, and does not include other branches of the Jueluo surname (also known as "Minjueluo") other than Aixin Jueluo. The clan wore a yellow belt around the waist of the robe, and Jue Luo wore a red belt ("King James Daqing Huidian (Guangxu Dynasty)": "All royal families, don't be near and far. Said the clan, said Jueluo. Note: Emperor Xuan's branch is the clan. The branch of the uncle and brother is Jueluo. And "All the clans are not to be brought." Note: The clan is a golden belt. Kyaw Lo is wearing a red belt"). After the Eight Banners entered the customs, the direct descendants of Emperor Kangxi were called "Near Branch Clan", and the other ones were called "Far Branch Clan".

According to the statistics of the living people in 1915, there were 27,884 males in Aixin Jueluo, including 16,454 in the clan and 11,430 in Jueluo [14]. Taking into account factors such as the natural population growth, the Pai Manchu movement during the Republic of China in modern history, the wars and the movements after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the family planning policy, the number of men in Aixin Jueluo today should be less than 30,000. Due to the Qing Dynasty's "clan cannot leave Beijing" system, Aixin Jueluo was mainly distributed in Beijing and Shenyang, but this rule has naturally been broken today.

Sample sources, experimental methods, and results

Blood or oral samples were taken from seven men who lived in Beijing and Liaoning who believed they belonged to the Aixin Jueluo royal family but belonged to different families (paternal ancestors within five generations). The project was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, and sampling was carried out in accordance with the principle of informed consent. The complete genealogy of three of them is preserved in the "Aixin Jueluo Genealogy", and the four failed to provide a complete genealogy and can only provide partial ancestral information. The three people who provided the complete genealogy were all from the Yuanzhi clan and lived in Beijing, two of whom were descendants of Dodo, the fifteenth son of Nurhachi, and the other was a descendant of Prince Su, the eldest son of Huang Taiji, Hooge. In addition, a subject in Beijing believed that Prince Zheng was the successor of Jirgalang, the son of Nurhachi's half-brother Shulhaqi. Another subject in Beijing thought that after "Jueluo Langqiu" (also known as "Langqiu"), this Langqiu may be the great-grandson of Suo Chang'a, the third son of Nurhachi's great-grandfather Fuman. The two subjects from Liaoning Province lived in Jinzhou (claiming to be descended from Duoduo) and Benxi (ancestry unknown). In order to avoid inconvenience or reputational damage to the person concerned and his close relatives, the names of all subjects and the family information of recent ancestors are not disclosed in this article.

…… (Detection method omitted)......

It was found that the Y-STR results of three subjects (Descendant A of Spectrum Duoduo, Descendant B of Spectrum Hauge and Descendant C of Oral Legend, see Figure 1) differed by only one or two loci each of them (see Table 1), while the other four samples differed from these three samples by at least five STRs and six steps, which was further apart from each other, which could completely rule out the co-ancestor relationship with these three samples in the past 500 years. In the published literature, we found that the most recent match was at least two loci different from sample A, a Manchu sample from Xinbin, Liaoning Province and a sample from northeastern Mongolia, but no closer samples could be retrieved in the largest Y-chromosome STR library ysearch.org.

A total of 7 SNPs were tested for M217 (C3 haplogroup), F1396 (C3b, the northern branch of C3-M217, common in Altaic populations), F3535, F3273, F5483/SK1074, M546, and M401 (all downstream of F1396) (see Table 2). Among them, F1396, F3535 and F3273 were found from the Y-chromosome high-throughput sequencing of Mongolian and Manchu samples. F5483/SK1074 was found in Oroqen and Daur samples; M401 and M546 have been found in Mongolia and a large number of people associated with Mongolia, and the C3 "star cluster" to which Genghis Khan is suspected to belong belongs belongs to the M546+, M401+ clade. The three samples were determined by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing to be M217+, F1396+, F3535+, F3273+, M546+, M401+, F5483- (+ is the original type, - is the mutant type), that is, they belonged to the C3b2b1*-M401 haplogroup, which was the same as the "star cluster". Although the 17 Y-STR of sample B is 10 steps away from the center value of the "cluster", it is still not effective to distinguish between the SNP sites that are currently known.

discuss

Although there are wide confidence intervals for estimating the age of common ancestors by Y-STR, and there is a great deal of controversy about the mutation rate (from the "effective mutation rate" of 6.9×10 to 4/25 years [20], i.e., an average of one mutation per locus every 36,231 years, to the "lineage mutation rate" of 3×10-3/generation [21], i.e., an average of one mutation per locus every 10,000 years), the results of the calculations can still provide a rough estimate of the age of the common ancestor. Using NETWORK 4.6.1.2 software (Fluxus), we used a compromise mutation rate of once in 20,000 years per STR locus to estimate the co-progenitor time of samples A, B, and C using 15 STRs in addition to DYS385a/b (due to possible recombinant mutations in DYS385), which is 666±471 years. This date corresponds to the genealogical date (with Fuman as the nearest common ancestor, about 500 years ago). If Xinbin's Ht188 sample is added, the co-ancestor time of the four samples is 1333±653 years, which slightly exceeds the historical record of Aixinjue Luo's co-ancestor time. Therefore, we believe that it is reasonable to use the Y-STR combination to which the three samples A, B, and C belong as the characteristic Y-STR combination of Aixinjue Luo.

Because this Y-STR combination is extremely rare in modern populations, including Han, Manchu, Mongolia, etc., only 17 Y-STR samples and samples B within 2 steps have been measured in the Aixin Jueluo family, so it is more likely that the Y-STR samples within 2 steps of the Aixin Jueluo family are indeed similar to the Aixin Jueluo family, and it is not very likely that the Y-STRs of other families are similar to this by chance. Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County in Liaoning Province is home to the city of Hetu Ala that arose in Nurhachi, and there may be a certain number of distant (500 to thousands of years old) descendants of Aixin Jueluo. However, we found only one of the most recent samples, Ht188, out of the 231 published samples, which is 2 steps behind the 17 Y-STR of sample A, indicating that the Aixin Jueluo family is not a high proportion of the general Manchu population. However, we do not rule out that in the future we will find more Aixin Jueluo families among the Manchu population in Beijing and Shenyang. At the same time, this study shows that a large proportion of the Aisin Jueluo clan without clear genealogical records do not belong to the Aisin Jueluo family from a biological point of view.

Determining the Y chromosome type of Aisin Jueluo is of great significance for historical research on the Jurchens, Manchus, and Qing dynasties, and helps to uncover some of the anecdotal truths. If some scholars have believed that Aixinjue Luo is a descendant of Song Huizong of Beijia, from the results of this study, the possibility can be basically ruled out, because the F1396+ branch is common in Mongolian, Manchu and other northern ethnic groups, but it is very rare in Han people, and it is not found in the current dozens of samples of Han Zhao surnames (including pedigree Zhao and Song royal families) (unpublished data). Although the descendants of Emperor Qianlong are not included in this study, if the descendants of Emperor Qianlong can be found in the future, the results are similar to those in this study, this claim can be denied.

It should be noted that in Chinese history, the patriarchal father-son relationship is not the same as the biological meaning of the father-son relationship, and the genealogy of the Aixin Jueluo family records that there are many successions due to the absence of heirs. Therefore, it is not possible to affirm or deny the patriarchal family lineage simply through biological judgments.