After the shooting lessons, the study of military topography began. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

The teacher of military topography, in his forties, with the rank of colonel, tall and tall, with a burly figure, a square face, and looks like a star, is Chow Yun-fat, the protagonist of the TV series "Shanghai Tang".

In the first lesson, his first words were:

"Every class of students said that I was like the star Chow Yun-fat, and I felt a bit like it myself.

Not only does I look alike, but I am more manly than him.

Because, I am a soldier. You have to be more righteous and bloody than him, and you have to stand up at a critical time.

Once, while riding a bus, a thief stole a woman's purse.

The whole car didn't dare to squeak when they saw it. But I found out about the thief's behavior.

I grabbed him by the collar and forced him to return his wallet to the owner, then threw him out of the window.

This incident touched the people in the car a lot, and at that time, there was a round of warm applause.

I just felt like I was doing what a military man was supposed to do.

After that, when I took that train again, the driver saw me and didn't want a ticket, and he said, since you beat you last time and threw that thief out of the window, on this trip, that group of thieves never dared to come up again. ”

"Chow Yun-fat" pulled the topic back, "To get back to the point, the subject I teach is military topography. ”

"What is military topography? Military topography is an applied discipline that studies the identification and utilization of terrain from military needs.

Its main content is to study the terrain, reveal the laws governing the constraints and influences of the terrain on combat operations, and expound the theories, methods, and means of terrain analysis, so as to provide a basis for the close integration of combat operations with the actual terrain.

What is Terrain? It is a general term for landforms and features.

Geomorphology refers to the undulating form and nature of the earth's surface material.

A clutter is an object with a fixed position on the ground.

Terrain is the natural structure of the battlefield, which affects the entire process of operations and is the basic element that constitutes combat activities.

The terrain restricts the input of the arms, the use of equipment, and affects the mode and scale of operations.

Any battle plan is formulated on the basis of the enemy's situation, our situation, and the terrain.

To a certain extent, the success or failure of an operation depends on the correct use of the terrain. ”

"The mode of warfare in the era of cold weapons determines both the movement and the development of the terrain that restricts the performance of warfare.

The classics that study and apply these laws of constraint are mostly found in military books and war strategies. For example, in the sixth century B.C., the famous Chinese military scientist Sun Wu's "The Art of War" in the "Nine Places", "March" and "Terrain" chapters are all his representatives, and laid a theoretical foundation for later generations of warfare. ”

"The well-known 'Zhuge Liang grass boat borrowed arrows' and 'burned the company camp for 800 miles' are examples of clever use of weather and terrain."

"Let's talk about the map first", "Chow Yun-fat" showed the military map in his hand, and continued,

"A map is an abbreviated map of natural and social phenomena on the earth's surface.

It is a map that uses specific schematic symbols, colors and words to map the natural and social phenomena on the surface of the earth on a plane according to certain mathematical rules.

According to the content of the representation, it is divided into two categories: general maps and thematic maps.

The tourist map that we usually come into contact with the most should be, which, like the topographic map, belongs to the thematic map.

Topographic maps are the main maps used in the military, and their scale is greater than or equal to 1 to 1 million.

The identification of features and symbols.

Objects with fixed positions on the ground are called figures, and are represented by different symbols on topographic maps.

Including survey control points, independent features, residential areas, roads and their outbuildings, pipelines, fences, boundaries, water systems, vegetation, geographical name annotations, etc.

Representation, identification and judgment of landforms

The undulating form of the earth's surface, known as a landform.

On topographic maps, contour lines are used to represent them. ”

"Today we're going to learn how to determine the orientation on the spot." On a flat ground in a col at the Dongshan Training Ground, the cadets were dressed in battle and sat on a horse bench, and "Chow Yun-fat" began his teaching again.

"To determine the direction on the spot is to identify the east, west, south and north directions on the spot. It is a prerequisite for the use of maps on the spot and for the fulfillment of combat missions.

There are mainly the following methods to determine the direction on the spot:

One is to use the compass to judge.

The compass, also known as the compass, is one of the four great inventions of ancient China, it is easy to carry, simple to operate, and is the basic tool for judging the direction on the spot.

The basic structure of the compass is composed of a magnetic needle, a dial, an azimuth glass frame, an angle pendulum, a distance estimator, an odometer, a ruler, and a reflector.

When determining the direction, the compass should be placed flat, and after the magnetic needle is stationary, the direction pointed by the end (or black tip) of the magnetic needle coated with luminous agent is the magnetic north direction of the place.

Let's practice it with the compass in your hand. "Chow Yun-fat" said.

The students took out their compass one after another, and began to look for the north according to the method told by the instructor.

"The second is to use horoscopes to judge.

Let's start with the North Star.

The brightest star on the tail of the constellation Ursa Minor is called Polaris. He got his name from his location over the North Pole.

At night, when you find the North Star, you find the north direction.

It is more difficult to find the North Star directly. Therefore, it is generally determined by the constellation of Ursa Major and Cassiopeia, the position of the North Star.

The constellation Ursa Major is composed of seven brighter stars, like a spoon, and is commonly known as the "Big Dipper" in our country. In the direction of the two stars on the outer edge of the spoon, five times the depth of the spoon, there is a bright star, which is the North Star.

"Report, this method will be done when I was a child." One of the cadets stood up and said.

"The third is to use the sun to judge.

Determine by the sun and the time table. At zero o'clock local time in the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun is due north, in the east at around 6 o'clock, in the south at around 12 o'clock, and in the west at about 18 o'clock. At twenty-four o'clock, it returned to the lower part of the north. In other words, the sun rotates once every 24 hours, and the hour hand of the watch rotates twice.

If the "hypothetical hour hand" is halved by the angular velocity of the 24-hour chronograph hand from zero, the angle between the direction of the hypothetical hour hand at any time and the direction from the center of the dial to the figure twelve direction is equal to the azimuth angle of the sun at that time. If the hour hand is assumed to point to the sun, the 12 directions from the center of the dial to the north of the field are the fields.

For example, if the current time is 2:40 p.m., which is 14:40 p.m., find the assumed hour hand position of 7:20 on the dial ring, put a thin hand on it, set the watch flat and turn the watch so that the line connecting the dots in the dial to 7:20 p.m. points to the sun. Then the direction from the center of the dial to 12 is due north. In layman's terms, it is, 'Time is half of the sun, and twelve refers to the north.'"

"Let's use our own watches to look at it, and use this method to find the north and judge the direction of the north."

The students held their watches and experienced the joy of finding the north.

"Also, use the shadow of the sun to judge."

"Chow Yun-fat" erected a thin wooden pole about one meter long on a flat piece of land to mark the shadows of the direct sunlight. Fifteen minutes later, the new position of the shadow is marked. Then he went over the endpoints of the two shadows and drew a straight line, saying that this straight line was the approximate east-west direction.

The end of the first shadow is west, and the end of the second shadow is east. Then, I made a perpendicular line for this line, telling everyone that this perpendicular line is the north-south line.

"Fourth, use natural characteristics to judge.

Some features and landforms are affected by natural conditions such as sunlight and climate, forming certain characteristics, and these characteristics can sometimes be used to determine the direction with probability.

For example, large independent trees usually have dense branches and leaves facing the sun in the south and smooth bark, while the branches and leaves on the back are sparse, sometimes the bark is rough, sometimes there is moss, and after cutting, the annual rings on the stump are separated from each other on the north side and the south side are spaced widely.

Objects protruding from the ground, such as mounds, earthen embankments, ridges, free-standing rocks and buildings, etc., are dry and grassy in the south, and the snow melts quickly in winter. The north is humid and moss-prone, and the snow melts more slowly. However, the above phenomenon is reversed in the north-south direction of earth pits, ditches and forest clearings.

Most of the houses in rural areas of our country and the main gates of larger temples and ancient pagodas are generally open to the south.

In the grasslands, deserts and other areas of northern China, due to the action of the northwest wind, the sand ridges formed near shrubs and grasses have large heads and small tails, with the head pointing to the northwest and the tail pointing to the southeast. In areas with crescent-shaped dunes, the windward side slopes gently towards the northwest; The leeward side has a steep slope towards the southeast. "Chow Yun-fat" patiently explained one by one.

In cooperation with the instructors, the students changed the venue and came to a hillside with a good view and a continuous hill.

"Let's first learn how to identify the landscape and judge its impact on military operations.

Although the landforms are diverse, they are all made up of elements such as mountain tops, saddles, mountain backs, valleys, ridges, foot hills, slopes, and depressions. ”

"If you look in the direction of my finger, the highest part of the mountain is called the top of the mountain. The top of the mountain has a high morphology and a good outlook, making it an ideal location for an observation post.

Because of the overlook of the surrounding area, it is often selected as a topographical point if it is important to rush.

The top of the mountain, which has a special shape and color, is a good orientation to indicate the target. The tall, air-clear summit is a useful target for night travel.

Looking at this direction again, the part that protrudes outward from the top of the mountain to the bottom of the mountain is called the back of the mountain. The back of the mountain protrudes outward, making it easy to observe and shoot. Observation posts and trenches were often set up in the protruding parts of the back of the hill, and firing fortifications were constructed to control the front and the valleys on both sides by fire. If the slope of the back of the mountain is gentle, it is often used as an approach road for the supplier.

A valley, a low depression between two adjacent mountain backs or ridges, is called a valley. The terrain of the valley is low and concave, which is conducive to the concealment and protection of the troops, but if the poison is applied, the stay time is long, and the sound spreads quickly and far along the direction of the valley, but the lateral transmission over the mountain is very poor.

The saddle is called the saddle between the two adjacent mountain tops. The road climbs over the mountains and is usually passed by the saddle. When there is an important road passing through and the terrain on both sides of it is steep, it is called a pass, and it is a choke point for the two hostile sides to fight.

The ridge is called the ridge formed by the convex ridge formed by several adjacent summits, the back of the mountain and the saddle. The course of the ridge reflects the distribution characteristics of the landform.

Lateral ridges, which are good for defense, can be controlled with fewer troops, and longitudinal ridges, which are not conducive to defense. The distribution pattern of the ridge is often one of the important bases for the commander to determine the formation of the position, its configuration and the battle formation.

Slopes and demarcation lines. The slope from the top of the mountain to the foot of the mountain is called the slope.

Militarily, the inclined plane facing the enemy is called a positive inclined plane. The slope facing away from the enemy will be reversed.

The defensive line is a favorable line for military trenches and control direct faces. The inclined plane, the shape of the inclined plane, affects the location of the trench and the configuration of the firearms. Equal-align the inclined plane, digging a trench near the defensive line, that is, the entire inclined plane can be controlled by fire. Concave and convex inclined planes, usually require more than one or two trenches to control the entire inclined plane, and there are many dead corners. Waveform slope, at least two or more trenches can control the entire slope. The slope and length of the inclined plane affect the impact speed, mobility and physical exertion of the attack and defense.

slope, which affects the movement of troops,

The height difference and elevation, a large height difference, not only affects the climbing speed, but also increases the time to be killed. ”

"Chow Yun-fat" concluded, "Therefore, as a grassroots commander, we must learn to correctly use the terrain in combat to complete combat tasks." ”