Agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce are the three major economic parts of the Chinese society in the next generation, and the emergence of these three major economic sectors reflects the progress and development of the division of labor in human society. The blacksmith who made a living by smelting iron and steel tools undoubtedly belonged to the handicraft industry, but in the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the limitations of scale and technology, it could not be compared with the real heavy industry in later generations.

In terms of inheritance, father and son, master and apprentice are the most important way of inheritance, and even since the beginning of smelting bronzes, more than 2,000 years before the Zhao and Song dynasties, this inheritance method has been constituted.

Chinese traditionalization pays special attention to blood relations, and in terms of technology acquisition and inheritance, blood relations are the link of handicraft inheritance. This means that before an experienced iron-smelting worker passed on the art of iron-smelting to his son, he first taught him how to sew a drum fur from leather.

As for the teaching of master and apprentice, China had a relatively complete apprenticeship system as early as the pre-Qin era, and for a long time, apprentices assumed the function of vocational and technical education, and cultivated many skilled craftsmen for ancient times.

Father-to-son transmission of technology because of the transmission of technology within the family, thus forming a technology monopoly, the formation of generational transmission, must strictly implement the principle of technical confidentiality, secrecy and non-publicity; The teaching of master and apprentice is also a relatively closed relationship between master and apprentice, and it is precisely because of this relative closure that the inheritance of skills has been pushed to profundity and maturity.

However, there are pros and cons, and it is precisely because of this inheritance that it inevitably has limitations, such as stifling technological innovation by emphasizing the secrecy of social skills, and even leading to the loss of certain skills, especially in ancient times when life expectancy was low, especially in war years.

It took more than ten days for Lotte to read the 131 books with a group of wives and concubines and a literate bookkeeper, and copied all the notes about the iron-smelting process, and compiled them chronologically, organizing them into a history of iron-smelting in China from ancient times to the present, and even in this iron-smelting history, Lotte found many rules.

Of course, in the past ten days, Lotte was not idle, Tu Si and the people first bought a manor outside the Biandu City, and personally drew a floor plan, and the craftsmen renovated it according to the layout of the school in later generations, as the campus of the Academy of Sciences in the future.

At the same time, Lotte also asked Tu Si to adopt those healthy and intelligent orphans, or children whose families are poor and cannot afford to study, as students of the academy, and in Lotte's view, the establishment of the school can allow those skills passed down from father to son and master and apprentice to be carried forward, and there is no need to be afraid of its news.

But you must know that in the era of the Northern Song Dynasty, all people with a solid family want their children to study, as long as they enter the map and become an official in the future to glorify their ancestors, otherwise they are in business; The school that Lotte will open, although it will teach literacy and some collections of the Four Books and Five Classics, will not let students take the path of the imperial examination, and the purpose of Lotte's school is obvious, which is to train scientists in the era of the Great Song Dynasty to lead the development of the times.

However, in this era, there are no scientists who say that even if someone invents something through wonderful ideas, they will also be ridiculed by those bureaucrats who came from the imperial examination as clever and unelegant.

Under the general direction of the current imperial examination in the Great Song Dynasty, people who want to take the path of the imperial examination to gain fame will naturally not let their children study this Laoshzi Academy of Sciences, so Lotte does not expect these people to come to their own schools to study, so they can only find a different way and pin their hopes on those orphans or children of poor families who are smart by nature.

While Tu Si acted according to his own arrangement, Lotte did not relax at all, and concentrated all his energy on the study of the ancient books brought back.

From the records of these books borrowed from the palace, Lotte can see that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Huaxia invented pig iron smelting technology, and the two processes of block iron smelting and pig iron smelting were produced almost at the same time, and these two iron smelting processes have developed in parallel for a long time in Chinese history and played their respective roles in different situations.

The emergence of pig iron in China is to benefit from the refining of bronze, because thanks to the high temperature of refining bronze, pig iron will be smelted, so that the pig iron of China is two thousand years earlier than that of the West.

The method of block ironmaking is the "solid reduction method", the temperature of the early ironmaking furnace is low, so when smelting iron, the method of superimposing a layer of charcoal and a layer of iron ore is adopted, and the iron ore and charcoal are placed in the smelting furnace at the same time, and then ignited and roasted, so that the iron of the iron ore sinks to the bottom of the furnace, and after the temperature is cooled, the iron is taken out and repeatedly heated, calendered and hammered, and the iron is more strong and tougher in the far bronze.

In the late Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period, craftsmen summed up the experience of carburizing and turning iron into steel by repeatedly forging block iron with block iron as the material. Because the quality of block ironmaking is not hard, and the carburizing block steelmaking is too hard, people have invented the quenching process of steelmaking, which further improves the mechanical properties of block steelmaking.

Due to the emergence of iron, it has better metal properties of bronze, and at the time of the intersection of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Huaxia has entered the Iron Age. In Xu Shen's "Explanation of Words", it was noted that the words "Taozhi", "Fan", "Scope" and "Model" used at that time were transformed from smelting and casting technology.

According to the record of "Guanzi Haiwang Chapter": "A woman must have a needle and a knife", "The cultivator must have a rake, a (plow + Lu), and a cho". "There is nothing in the world that does not become one." Handan and other places became rich by smelting iron, and there were "iron officials" who specialized in managing iron-making, and "iron merchants" who specialized in iron-making.

Although the book "Guanzi" was written in the name of the posterity, it quoted the history of the Qi State, which indirectly proves that after the Warring States Period, iron tools have replaced bronze tools as the main production tools. In this regard, Lotte can see that it was the widespread application of iron tools that promoted the development of social production in the Spring and Autumn Period, transformed slavery into feudalism, and created a prosperous situation of economic prosperity and a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States Period.

In terms of significance, the emergence of Chinese ironware, and the emergence of European steel frying technology in the eighteenth century, and the production of steam engines, promoted the industrial revolution.

It is worth mentioning that as early as the Warring States Period, ancient Chinese craftsmen began to explore and master the "softening treatment" of pig iron, and began to develop widely in the Han Dynasty, and its method used long-term heating to improve the flexibility of pig iron, so that pig iron was transformed into ductile cast iron.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the "Taiping Sutra" volume 72 recorded: "Let the engineer hit the stone, ask for its iron, burn it, and make it into water, and then make the good work ten thousand forges, and it will become Moyeye." "Zhuyun: The craftsman takes the iron ore, smelts it into the first piece of iron, and then smelts it into molten pig iron, and then after ten thousand forging, the heart of the later generations of iron-making knowledge of Lotte understands that this ten thousand forging method refers to the repeated forging of pig iron, which means to decarburize into steel, and it is also the earliest method of frying steel.

In addition, there is another method of frying steel, heating the pig iron into a semi-liquid and liquid form, and then adding iron ore powder, while constantly stirring, using iron ore powder and air oxygen to remove a part of the carbon of pig iron, so that the carbon content of pig iron is reduced, slag is removed, and steel is directly obtained.

In later generations, people often called the process of making steel from ore as one-step smelting or direct smelting, and the process of smelting from ore into pig iron and then from pig iron to steel was called two-step smelting or indirect smelting. The production process of the ancient method of frying steel is also divided into two steps: pig iron is smelted first, and steel is made later.

It can be said that the emergence of frying steel is the beginning of two-step steelmaking. Although it is an ancient method of frying steel, the quality may not be guaranteed, but the ancient method of frying steel can still make some high-carbon steel, although the success rate is not high.

According to the memory of his previous life, Lotte knows that low carbon steel has strong plasticity and low strength, and is mostly used for structural bearing; Carbon steel plasticity, suitable strength, used for mechanical transmission, gears, etc.; And high carbon steel has high strength and hardness, and is used for cutting tools, tool steel. Even Lotte remembers that China had the technology of frying steel in the Han Dynasty, while in the West, it was not until before the Industrial Revolution that Britain invented the frying method.

In the West, because of the emergence of the steel speculation method, it has played a great role in the public revolution, and there is not even the steel produced by the steel frying method, and there are no reliable materials such as steam engines and generators to realize it, and the steam engine and generator cannot be successfully manufactured, and they have become empty buildings.

For this reason, Marx gave a very high evaluation to the emergence of the steel frying method.

In the Han Dynasty, China had the method of frying steel, which was more than 1,800 years earlier in the West, even though it did not encounter the industrial revolution, but it was also an epoch-making event, because the frying method promoted the widespread use of ancient iron tools in China and the development of social productive forces.

As for the method of frying steel, for this reason, Han Yan of the Tang Dynasty recorded two arithmetic problems related to frying steel in the present book of "Xiahouyang Sutra": one is to calculate the use of 6,281 catties of pig iron to smelt yellow iron (i.e., wrought iron), each catty consumes five taels (i.e., 31 percent of the loss), and the calculation result is that 4,318 catties and three taels of yellow iron are smelted; The other is to use these yellow iron to make 3,508 catties of iron and steel, 820 baht and 5 wires, with a loss rate of 12.5 percent.

Through the Xiahou Yang Sutra, Lotte can deduce that at least in the Tang Dynasty, there was a technical method for smelting pig iron into mature iron and wrought iron into steel.

Gradually, Lotte sorted out his clues, and what he needed most now was to forge steel equivalent to carbon steel and high-carbon steel in later generations to make the main parts of the steam engine, and in these ancient books, Lotte gradually found a way to refine high-carbon steel.

But the method belongs to the method, but there is still a distance from success, the frying steel method is the smelting process invented in the two Han Dynasty, but the frying steel method and the 100 steel method are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the cost is extremely high, and it is gradually replaced by the steel filling method invented during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, so that the frying steel method is almost lost, and now it is not an easy task to restore the frying steel method.

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