It is difficult for someone to pass so many articles at one time, even if the referrer sent for review is Mr. Mu, it also requires several people to discuss and review. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

A few days ago, when Mr. Mu asked his disciples to send the revised version of Chen Jian's article, those who reviewed it had actually decided on the contents of the booklet for the first issue of next year.

The first issue of the new year is the most important of the year, and if nothing happens, the most amazing discoveries made last year will be included in the content of the first issue.

If it's someone else's, they'll still watch it, but at least after the year.

But Chen Jian's article has been revised by Mr. Mu, and those who review it can't be lazy.

Many people are friends or juniors of Mr. Mu, even if there are some disputes or even disagreement on some academic issues, but these people know Mr. Mu's temperament.

Okay is good, no good is not good, that stubborn old man will never send something that seems worthless, especially when it is close to the end of the year, and so many articles are sent at one time, obviously the things in it have conquered the stubborn and upright old man, and those people have to be cautious.

Approaching the end of the year, these people who reviewed looked at dozens of pieces of paper and the dense text on them, and they were slightly amazed in their hearts, and they had to calm down and look at these articles.

Seven or eight people, along with their disciples or assistants, divided a few pieces of paper, not only to complete their mission, but also to see what kind of content could make people like Mr. Mu value it so much.

It's a preconceived notion that if the person who sent the manuscript is just an obscure young man, even if it's correct, it's amazing, but they don't take it so seriously until they've read it.

Since I paid attention to it, I read it in some detail, and soon it fell silent.

However, a moment later, a middle-aged man suddenly stood up, took the piece of paper in his hand, and shouted with some excitement: "Okay! Good! It's so well written! ”

Excited shouts woke up those who were already immersed in the words, and several people stood up and walked to the middle-aged man's side, wanting to see what could make the middle-aged man so shocked.

The middle-aged man put the paper on the table upward, leaned slightly so that the people next to him could watch it together, and at the same time read out the contents of the paper aloud.

The title sounds quirky, a little awkward, and doesn't even sound like an article that should be sent here, because it doesn't sound like it has much to do with science.

"Induction and deduction, the two most important ways we know the world", this is the title of the article. And below, a simple definition of the two methods is quickly given.

"My cat loves fish, your cat loves fish, and the cat next door also loves fish...... So, I said, cats love fish. This is induction. ”

"Cats are known to love fish; It is known that I have a beast named Rhubarb; Rhubarb is known to be a cat. So, rhubarb loves to eat fish. That's the rendition. ”

"We look at the world with our eyes, and it is from the inductive method that we come to the conclusion that cats love fish. After this conclusion becomes an immutable rule, then we no longer need to generalize, and we can know that if my animal is a cat, then it must be a fish eater by and large, and in the same way, if I dry fish and eat it, then the cat must be suspected first. ”

"It's something that seems simple and natural, but it's the foundation of our ongoing understanding of the world."

"In my opinion, there are five ways to generalize and this method can be applied to many disciplines."

"The first can be called the method of seeking common ground. If the conditions are different except for one condition that is the same, then the same condition is the cause of the phenomenon under study. ”

"For example, in the three cases of A, B, C, A, and H-H, except for A, the rest are not the same, but the result is the same, then we can try to conclude that the reason for this situation is because of A."

"To use the most basic mathematical example, one angle of a triangle is a moment angle, and except for this condition, the remaining sides are different in length, and the other two corners are different in size, but the result is the same: the square of the Pythagorean sum is equal to the square of the string. Then it can be summarized as follows: one angle of the triangle is the moment angle is the reason why the square of the Pythagorean is equal to the square of the chord. ”

The second type can be called the method of seeking differences. Comparing the occasions when a phenomenon occurs and the occasions when it does not, if the two occasions are the same except for one difference, then this difference is the cause of the phenomenon. ”

"For example, under perfect conditions, there are two cases, A and B, and A, B, and C, and in these perfect conditions, everything else is the same except C. If there is a great difference between the two cases of A and B and A B and C, it can be summarized that C is a completely different factor in these two cases. ”

"To use the same simple example, on the same piece of land, under exactly the same conditions of water, sunlight, wind and rain, temperature, seeds, weeding, etc., half of the struvite is applied, and the other half is useless; But again, everything is the same except for the different conditions of struvite. Then we can summarize that struvite can make crops grow better and can increase yields. ”

"The third type can be called ......"

After these five inductive methods, there are several methods of reasoning about logical deduction, all of which use extremely straightforward language and give the most common and simple examples.

There seems to be nothing new in it, neither grandiose new rules for the movement of the heavenly bodies; There are no tiny new discoveries about grass and wood, fish and insects.

But such an article, which seemed to have nothing new, attracted everyone in the room to listen after being read by a middle-aged man.

They put down the original work in their hands, quietly listened to the article sent by Mr. Mu, and carefully experienced the things in this article.

At first glance, these things are very common, and some people even think that this is indeed the case. But it is precisely because of this ordinariness that this article is unusual.

They carefully recalled the results they had achieved, but found that the process and methods of the things they discovered were all consistent with what was said, or even exactly the same.

Immersed in the silence, a man gave his opinion in the silence where everyone did not know what to say about the article.

"We discover new laws, and this article is the law behind the discovery of those new laws!"

"It didn't say anything, but it said everything!"

A sentence of praise that sounded obviously overpraised, but no one stood up to refute it, but nodded involuntarily, agreeing with this sentence that sounded extremely excessive.

Because of this approval and shock, the people in the room invariably looked at the remaining contents that had not yet been carefully read.

Originally, it was sent by Mr. Mu, and they already attached great importance to it, but they didn't expect that the previous kind of attention did not meet the definition of these articles at all.

Since any random piece has such a shocking effect, what kind of content will be written on the rest of the paper?

The people were quiet again, pushing away the rest of the paper around them, intently looking at the contents of the remaining paper.

A moment later, the sound of shock echoed through the room again, as the men realized that the first article on induction and deduction was only the beginning, and the foundation.

Linking these articles, based on the number of pages marked below, leads to a terrible, surprising, but unacceptable conclusion.

It's like a cunning hunter digging a trap and luring the curious prey into the pit bit by bit......

"Analysis of Gas Compounding Produced by Electrolysis of Stacks" starts from some old articles that have existed for a long time, and draws a conclusion by inductive method.

Because of the early appearance of electric stacks, the development of glassware and weights and measures has also immersed many people in it, and many strange discoveries have been made. The content on this article is all old news, and it is all old news that cannot be connected at all on weekdays, and few people think about the old news that is connected to it.

For example, after electrolysis of water with a stack, the volume ratio of hydrogen to yang gas is about two to one; For example, the ratio of hydrogen to chlorine after electrolysis of salt water is one to one. This has been known for a long time.

For example, if hydrogen and yang are ignited, they will explode or burn into water; For example, hydrogen and chlorine are also burned to become a kind of acid gas, and this optimal combustion ratio has also been discovered and written as an observational situation.

This article does not contain any new findings based on observations, but rather conclusions that have already been observed and written by others, and accepted by everyone.

At the end of the article, however, these seemingly unrelated conclusions are combined by a rule: the volumes of the gases participating in the same reaction are simply integer ratios to each other, and it follows that the number of the smallest particles in the gases participating in the reaction should also be simple integer ratios.

This is an induction and speculation based on previously observed facts, and this speculation is followed by a new speculation and questioning based on this speculation.

"Analysis of the Volumes of Two Gases Obtained from the Electrolysis of Water from a Stack", with the help of the speculation of the previous article and the logic of the initial inductive and deductive method, draws a conclusion. That is, water is formed by the combination of two hydrogen gases and one positive gas, and hydrogen chloride is synthesized from one hydrogen and one chlorination. Hydrogen is explosive, but water is not.

So the new compound changes the properties of the smallest particles that make them up, forming a new substance. Water is water, and it is no longer hydrogen and yang, but a new substance.

…………

In addition to these, there are a whole host of new hypotheses based on old findings from the past, which, when taken together, can explain the world in a way that is very self-justifying.

Finally, an article titled "Bold Hypothesis: A Hypothesis About the Smallest Particles That Make Up the World" sent the room by storm.

From the induction and deduction of the previous articles, as well as speculation, this last article proposes a hypothesis and a new term.

The world is made up of the smallest particles of dozens of indivisible things, which can be called atoms. This has existed since the beginning of Pangu and will not change.

Everything in the whole world is produced by the combination and change of these dozens of atoms with each other, and these atomized new substances will change the properties of the original atoms and become a new substance. And this kind of substance can be obtained by some method to obtain the atom of the initial synthesis, but it has its own characteristics, and it can be divided again, so it can be called a molecule.

Water has weight, and weight cannot be created out of thin air, so gas also has weight, and these weights are the weight of all the smallest gas particles in a certain volume combined.

Therefore, the smallest particles, whether they are atoms or molecules, have weight, and this weight has been fixed since the beginning of the world, and the changes in the world have not changed from a certain point of view.

The burning of flames and the explosion of gunpowder are nothing but processes of reassembling molecules. Just as two parts of hydrogen and one part of yang can be turned into water, as long as we find out the composition of the molecules, the way of re-compounding, and the principle of compounding, we can find out some hidden rules. For example, the optimal ratio of gunpowder is the ratio of the weight of the smallest molecule involved in the recombination in the chemical process.

The smallest atom also has the dualistic characteristics of yin and yang, and the coordination between yin and yang ensures the stability of the smallest atom, but this coordination is not immutable.

To put it simply, the vast majority of atoms are more positive than negative, or more negative than positive, so the atom itself can be simply seen as binary: externally it is feminine and masculine.

For example, the positive of iron is stronger than copper, so it is easier to react with negative bile alum acid, and copper can be exchanged from bile alum.

For example, the negativity of yang energy is stronger than another gas in the air, so it is easier for yang qi to react with positive carbon to form carbon dioxide gas, while another gas in the air is less negative because it is not strong, so it is more difficult to react with carbon than yang qi.

For example, hydrogen and yang only need to be ignited to react violently; Hydrogen and the gas that cannot be burned in the air can be reacted in a bottle by means of an electric stack discharge to form a new gas. From this, it can be verified that the non-combustible gas in the air is much less negative than the negative of yang energy.

The combination of the pole anode and the yin is extremely easy, while the combination of the yin and yang is not strong requires more complex and difficult conditions.

Therefore, in an inanimate, constant ambient temperature, eternal world, the synthesis of all atoms tends to be the easiest molecule to produce and the most stable under current conditions.

…………

The people in the room read it all and looked at each other.

Compared with the praise of the inductive deduction of the first article, and the convincing of the exquisite experiments on the preparation and chemical decomposition of some new substances in the middle, no one dares to express their opinions on the assumption of the last article.