Chapter 297: Shu City

Wan Qiyang thought of this, from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, so that in the end, the Yuan Dynasty replaced the Great Song Dynasty This historical process, there have been many wars in various parts of Sichuan. Before the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Song Dynasty, due to the long-term peace in Shuzhong, there was no police for a long time, so no one cared about the defense of Chengdu City. So much so that when the Mongol army was about to penetrate into the Shu realm, the slackening of the defense of the western Sichuan Plain had reached the point of no return. Mianzhou (now Mianyang City), known as Chengdu's "outer shelter", has not been repaired for a long time, and "the decay and decay of the trenches, if there is nothing, the three-foot child herd can be picked up and exceeded". Known as the "East and West Rush" Huai'an Army (now Huaikou, Jintang County), the fortifications were not repaired, "the years have passed, and they have gradually collapsed", "everyone can pass". Chengdu City, known as the "Southwest Metropolis", Sichuan Preparation Division stationed in the section, was originally no danger to defend, the city defense deployment was weak, in the third year of Duanping (1236) when the Mongolian soldiers approached the city, the total number of troops in the city was only 700. The setting of its castle walls is in vain, which can be seen from this.

In the Song and Yuan wars, the city of Chengdu was the first target of the Mongol army, and it was burned down long ago. Although Chen Longzhi, the envoy of the Southern Song Dynasty in Sichuan, once "rebuilt his city" in the spring of the first year of Chunyou (1241), on the basis of the old cities of Chengdu and Hanzhou (now Guanghan City, Deyang), it was soon broken again. In view of the fact that in the face of the impact of the Mongol iron cavalry, the western Sichuan Plain had no danger to defend, the Southern Song Dynasty had to give up the plain counties including Chengdu, and the military and political institutions located in Chengdu also moved to Jintang Yunding Mountain to build a city and refuse to defend it. More than ten years after the city of Chengdu was abandoned by the Song army, the Mongol army entered the Chengdu Plain in 1257 and rebuilt the "Lou Gong Trench" of Chengdu City, which was abandoned by the Song army, thus laying the foundation for the city defense of the Mongol rule of Chengdu in the Yuan Dynasty. Subsequently, the Song army stationed in Jiading (now Leshan City) traced the Luojiang River, rushed to Chengdu, and once arrived at the eastern suburb of Shakan (now Shahebao), attacked the outer city of Chengdu, and the Yuan army was unprepared and retreated to Baozicheng. It can be seen that Chengdu was in a military tug-of-war at that time, and the Mongols had no time to build a city god. In June of the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), the Bactrian regime collapsed. In July, Li Wenzhong, the Duke of Cao Guo, entered Shu under the order of Ming Taizu, pacified the army and civilians, and built a new city in Chengdu. In October, he pacified all parts of Sichuan and Shu, "built a new city in Chengdu", and sent troops to garrison "the key points of the counties". The newly built "Chengdu New Town" by Li Wenzhong and others, that is, the Chengdu Mansion City of the Ming Dynasty, "Chengdu Mansion City, and the Provincial Union", so it is also called the provincial capital. Due to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Xia wars in Chengdu, the city wall has long been collapsed and burned down, and it is time to rebuild it when the Ming Dynasty dominates the world. Since the Hongwu period of the early Ming Dynasty to build the city of Chengdu, the city of Chengdu has undergone many repairs: in the twenty-second year of Hongwu (1389), when Lan Yu was training in Chengdu, he had "restored the supervision and repaired the city". In the third year of Xuande (1428), the governor Chen Huai "dredged the pond god, and it has been relied on so far." In the twenty-second year of Jiajing (1541), "the package was built with stone, and four gates were set up like a brick city system." Among them, the capital commander Zhao Qing "with bricks and stones", and the governor Chen Huai to restore the city god this time is the most critical, "so far Laiyan". [Note: Quoted from "Chengdu City Construction and Urban Layout in the Ming Dynasty" Chen Shisong]

After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the commodity economy gradually recovered, and in line with this, the form and function of the city were gradually improved, and the social life of the city was constantly enriched. It was the interaction of these factors that brought unprecedented changes to the urban landscape and social life of Chengdu during this period. Ancient Chinese cities were one of the main factors in the design of feudal centralized politics, and it was a symbol of imperial power over local rule, reflecting the administrative hierarchy and etiquette regulations. The size and rank of the Ming Dynasty cities were subject to strict regulations. From the very beginning, Chengdu City was designed and built according to the provincial capital city and the first capital city of Sichuan.

The construction methods of ancient cities in our country are mainly based on soil, and the rammed earth is used to build the city wall, and the rammed earth plate is also used for construction. Since the Han Dynasty, there has also been the practice of building city walls with bricks in various places, and bricks are also made of soil as the center of the wall, and then baked. This kind of brick city wall is actually a layer of bricks on the outside of the earthen wall, so it is called "brick ****". Chengdu City has a brick city wall, which began in the Tang Dynasty. However, at that time, the brick city was not yet reached, and only in a few places there were individual city walls made of brick walls. In the Ming Dynasty, the national strength was strong, the economy and handicraft industry were rapidly developed, and the brick-making technology reached a certain level, so the brick-burning industry was greatly developed, so a large number of brick city walls were built throughout the country, that is, the brick city walls were used inside and outside the country to carry out ****, so that the brick city walls of the Ming Dynasty had developed by leaps and bounds. Today, the brick walls that we can see and know in various places are basically from the Ming Dynasty.

The construction of Chengdu in the early Ming Dynasty was, on the one hand, out of the need for military defense, and on the other hand, it was also to adapt to the Ming Dynasty's rule of Sichuan, showing the prestige of the feudal dynasty. As Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang said in the eighteenth year of Hongwu (1358) to Cao Zhen, Marquis of Shu Jingchuan: "Shu is a state, in the southwest corner, Qiang Rong admires, not magnificent, there is no demonstration." The Tianqi "Chengdu Mansion Chronicles" contains two maps: one is the "Chengdu Fuzhi Map" and the other is the "Fuzhi Sanqu Jiumo Palace Room Map". They provide a visual basis for reproducing the construction of Chengdu City today. The city gate and the castle tower connected by a castle wall are vividly depicted. Four towering towers with a large flag on them; In the space of Yuecheng, there is a small temple painted on each side: the east gate is the Wuxian Temple, the south gate is the Guanwang Temple, the west gate is the Wenshuai Temple, and the north gate is the Xuantan Temple. These settings organically combine the defensive function of the Chengdu city wall with the image display of the majesty of the dynasty, highlighting the political symbolism of the high power of the emperor.

After the construction of cities in Chengdu and Chongqing in the early Ming Dynasty, except for a few key places, the cities of various counties and towns were not immediately imitated and added. However, by the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the vassals of each county all regarded the construction of cities as the top priority of the county. There are two reasons for this: first, in view of the frequent large-scale peasant uprisings in Sichuan in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the ruling class realized that the general counties that were not militarily important must also strengthen the construction of cities. Especially after the outbreak of the Yan Benshu and Liao Hui peasant uprisings that lasted for six years during the Zhengde period, the counties and towns became more soberly aware of the dangers of having cities unprepared and the importance of fortifications.

In the Ming Dynasty, among the official yamen of Chengdu Mansion, the most prominent is the Shu Palace, which is located in the center of the city. This is where the king of Shu lived, and it was a city within a city. Around it, there are several county palaces, among which the ones that are marked are: Nanchuan Palace, Qingfu Palace, Deyang Palace, Taiping Palace, Fushun Palace, etc. It was followed by the Sichuan Political Envoy Division, the Capital Division, the Judicial Division, the Chief Envoy Division, the Tixue Daotai, the Procuratorate, the Tea Bureau Division, the Tax Department and other yamen. Then it is the army that symbolizes the country's ****——— all command the embassy and its subordinate guards, such as the avant-garde, the left guard, the right guard, the middle guard, and the Ningchuan guard. Finally, there are the governments of Chengdu Prefecture, Huayang County, Chengdu County, and so on. Its layout is roughly as follows: the palace of the king of Shu in the city is located in the center of Chengdu city, and its east is the former site of the palace of the past dynasties; The county seat in the north of the city has not changed much because of the old foundation of the Song Dynasty; The political secretary was also located behind the Chengbei Prefecture Office, which was originally the former site of the emperor Zhaolie of the Han Dynasty. However, the governor, the capital and the inspection department were newly established official offices, so they were placed in the east of the city, which was the beginning of the transfer of the high-ranking official office to the east of the city. From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the senior official offices gradually expanded to the east, and under its influence, the Qing Dynasty then concentrated in the east of the city, and spread around the Governor's Yuan Street, which was a major new change in the political and ecological layout from the Ming Dynasty. Because most of the main offices of the above-mentioned provincial-level administrative, supervising, and military institutions were built at the beginning of the Ming army's pacification of Sichuan, at that time, both the economy and the social people's hearts were still to be stabilized.

(End of chapter)

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