Out of the warm pavilion, the cabinet Fang Congzhe and others have been waiting outside the Qianqing Palace for a long time, because the military aircraft department and the cabinet are in charge of military affairs and do not interfere with each other, so Sun Chengzong wants to know and retire.

Zhu Youxiao knew why they came, so he stopped him, "What is discussed today is very important, and Master Sun left me to help me refer to it in detail." ”

Sun Chengzong saw that the Son of Heaven did not shy away from himself, and he was a little touched, and quietly stayed in the hall with the four bigwigs of the cabinet, and respectfully watched Zhu Youxiao walk to the throne set in the hall.

"It's rare for my trusted ministers to get together, so let's discuss the matter that Ye Xianggao asked."

It turned out that since the article "Lectures in Private Academies = Seeking Rebellion" in the inaugural issue of "Beijing Daily" was widely circulated, it has continued to ferment, and the daily letters from various places transferred by officials and the Department of General Administration in Beijing have ranged from as little as 50 or 60 to as many as hundreds, and have accumulated thousands of letters so far. The content of the article is much the same, and they all demand that the author Qian Xiangkun be severely punished, saying that he is causing trouble to the government and has malicious intentions, and that the publication be suspended and that the behind-the-scenes instigators be severely punished.

The cabinet also argued over this, Fang Congzhe and Sun Ruyou were in favor of strictly banning the academy, while Han Yi and Liu Yixian opposed it, saying that 'the decline of official learning is supplemented by the academy, and the famous scholars are reciting, and the wind and religion should be supported to boost the morale of the world'.

After Zhu Youxiao learned that Ye Xianggao (1608-1614 was the first assistant) in his hometown of Fuqing, Fujian, who was thousands of miles away from studying, he knew that he was a little too early to open the academy and regretted it.

Ye Xianggao said in the above book, "Since the beginning of the country, Keluocai, although the words and chapters are taken, and the school palace merit order is contained in the tablet, one is in Dexing, to Minglun and its hall, its big finger is the same as the three generations, and the disadvantages of the last stream, chasing utilitarianism and fascinating the truth, are more than the Han and Tang Dynasties." Therefore, the sages taught that the Dharma of people is stored in the scriptures, and the wise men and doctors want to rise up and maintain it, so they have to restore the remaining business of Lianluo Guanmin, and the academy lectures will make the studious people question and ask difficult questions, so that people know what they are doing, how can it be said to be a rebellion'.

(Lian Luo Guan Min: Lian refers to Zhou Dunyi's science, Luo refers to Cheng Yi's Luoxue, Guan refers to Zhang Zai's Guanxue, and Min refers to Zhu Xi's Min Xue.) ）

Zhu Youxiao did not expect that an article would cause such a big repercussion from the government and the opposition, so he specially learned about the current education situation with various ministries.

In the Ming Dynasty, because 'the imperial examination must be carried out by the school', and the imperial examination system was also perfect, education was valued. Schools can be divided into government, social studies, private schools and academies according to their nature; According to the content, it is divided into Confucianism, martial arts (belonging to the military department), medicine (belonging to the Tai Hospital), and yin and yang.

Zhu Chenglixue, a professor of official studies, can be divided into Guozijian (there is Taixue, but it is often confused and doubtful in the literature), Neishutang (educating young inner servants, belonging to the priest), Zongxue (educating the children of the clan, located in various royal mansions), and there are schools such as prefectures, prefectures, counties, guards, capitals, and Tusi. In addition, there are also four clans that educate the descendants of the saints of Kong, Yan, Meng, and Zeng (Zeng was added in the fifteenth year of Wanli).

Social studies is a semi-official primary school set up by the quasi-private people of the imperial court for the training of children. For example, it is stipulated that 'all 35 families in the township should establish a social school, with students and Confucian scholars as teachers, and those who are willing to study should be prepared as much as possible'. Social science is a preparatory school for the state capital and county school, so the imperial court attaches great importance to it, and when Yang Jizong was the prefect of Jiaxing during the Chenghua period, it was stipulated that 'if the children of the people do not become scholars at the age of eight, their fathers and brothers will be punished'.

According to the nature, private learning can be divided into enlightenment and advanced training, and the enlightenment of private learning includes Yixue, village school, private school, family school, etc.; Most of the private schools studied were taught by famous Confucians, such as Wu Youbi, Chen Xianzhang and Lu Shusheng (Yuan Keli and Dong Qichang's mentors).

As Ye Xianggao Shu said, the examination-oriented education of the imperial examination made the scholars imprisoned in their thinking, and they only knew how to chase fame, which made education lose its original meaning and become a vassal of the imperial examination, so people of insight founded the academy in order to save this malpractice.

The academy was usually created by the official and private requests, and the financial (income from the income from wasteland, donated land, etc.), personnel, and enrollment were not under the jurisdiction of the imperial court, and his prosperity and the middle of the Ming Dynasty were called the vassals of the imperial examination (after Zhengde, 'the system of national learning gradually declined, the disadvantages of the imperial examination, and the scholars and doctors re-advocated the method of lecturing, and the academy flourished because of it. In addition, it is also closely related to the spread of mind.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were more than 1,200 academies in the country, including Jiangxi (287), Zhejiang (199), Guangdong (156), and Henan (112), of which 184 were private, accounting for 15%; 828 government-run offices (including local officials, governors, Beijing officials, etc.), accounting for more than 60%; In addition, there are family academies.

According to the nature of the academy, it can be divided into examination academies, sacrificial academies, martial arts teaching academies, gathering disciples and lecture academies, and the rest are only explored in the latter two types of academies, which are the most important at the moment.

A lecture is a lecture held in a certain place as scheduled, when students from all over the country gather, and then disperse after the meeting, which is a temporary academic discussion. Because of its advantages of mutual discussion and difficult questioning, it is highly sought after by readers, and some even participate in it from thousands of miles away. For example, Wang Yangming's disciple Xu Jie once gave a lecture in Lingji Palace, and as many as 5,000 officials and scholars participated.

Therefore, in order to recruit disciples, each school used it to spread its own academic views, and built academies, such as Zhu Cheng Lixue (Bailu Cave and Yuelu Academy) in the Song Dynasty, Wang Mingyang (Huijishan Academy) and Zhan Ruoshui (Yungu, Dake and other academies) in the Ming Dynasty were the Gathering Disciple Academies.

Zhu Cheng learned science to Jiajing, 'and hundreds of years, Zhu Lianluo's subtle words and righteousness are absolute, but the words are rotten, that is, the boy understands it', on the contrary, Wang Yangming and Zhan Ruoshui's mental studies are quite respected.

But there are two sides to the real thing, because Wang Zhan's disciples have different understandings of the teacher, they quarrel with each other, and even more in vain talk, 'Shouren advocates conscience as a scholar, and it will benefit for a long time... There are those who take indulgence as nature', and 'the flamboyance of scholars does not succeed'.

In order to curb this kind of bad morale of 'being overbearing, self-willed, and adaptable', the Donglin School came into being at the right time, and they attacked the emptiness of mental learning and not pragmatic learning, hoping to reshape Zhu Cheng's science and advocate practical learning.

After Gu Xiancheng rebuilt Donglin Academy, he wrote a famous couplet for him, "The sound of the wind and rain, the sound of reading, the sound of reading, the family and the country, and everything in the world" said the voice of the reader's heart, so 'the courtiers admire their style, and the more distant correspondence'.

In addition to the lectures, the scholars from all over the world are recruited to discuss the gains and losses of the government and the people.

Gradually, this kind of lecture jumped out of the academic category, detached from the academy system, and approached the social speech, coupled with the Confucianism who participated in the lecture from time to time, and lived in the official to discuss politics, so that Donglin could remotely control the power of the court, hold the border towns, and control the local authorities, from confidential power to litigation matters, all intervened.

……

It goes without saying that this kind of academy has a clear political tendency, and it is also hoped to win the appreciation of the lecturer and achieve the utilitarian purpose of high school or promotion of officials.

Before this, there were two times before the destruction of the academy, one in the seventeenth year of Jiajing and the other in the seventh year of Wanli, but because the academy had the essence of discussing scholarship and disseminating ideas, both times were not thorough.

This is also because there is no formal parliamentary organ to express the will of the people, so the academy naturally acts on behalf of the government, in order to create public opinion and interfere in the government affairs.

Zhu Youxiao knew that no matter who came to power in the end, this kind of lecture for political purposes would be banned, and the reform of the imperial examination and the progress of thought would not be achieved overnight, so it was necessary to treat the academy differently.

…

Liu Yixie, Han Yi and others counted the various benefits of the academy in the main hall, and Sun Ruyou and Fang Congzhe were almost speechless, and Zhu Youxiao watched them arguing with each other, and couldn't help but sigh.

Sun Chengzong couldn't see it, and explained on his behalf, "The temple once decreed that 'those who should establish the academy must ask for an order, and the instructors and students are ordered to leave their jobs in this department, and they are not allowed to publish books, brush prints and give them away, and waste people's money', so there is no mistake in the "Beijing Daily", and the government and the opposition exaggerated it. ”

Han Yi and Sun Chengzong are about the same age, and they are very unconvinced, "Sun Junji's statement is very wrong, all the academies created in the world are donated by the government and the people, and they have not cost the imperial court a grain of rice and wheat, how can you say that it is wasteful?" The schoolwork is only taught by the Confucian classics, and the lectures are all discussed by current affairs, so how can they be said to be rebellious. ”

"That's enough." Zhu Youxiao was not interested in the 'court debate' of their mutual exchange of concepts, and after shouting, he saw a few people looking at him and said unhurriedly, "Not allowing private academies is the foundation of today's discussion, and what you are arguing about is far away. As for rebellion, Your Excellency Han, why is gathering a crowd to fall into the government not a rebellion? ”

"Your Majesty, the living members are just seeking truth and distinguishing the truth from falsehood, not rebellion."

"Is it true that Taizu once set a school ban and engraved it on the left side of the Minglun Hall on the lying tablet, and there is 'all the benefits and diseases of the army and the people, and no students are allowed to make suggestions'?"

"It is true." Han Yi seemed to feel bad, he spoke for the academy because he valued the cultural transmission function of the academy, and did not see the essence of the lecture.

"The college advertises that the teaching is reasonable, and it can also be regarded as a school, so why not follow it?"

"......" everyone was silent.

Zhu Youxiao's lips rose, he got up and paced to the throne, and said condescendingly, "The Ming Zhao Provincial Governor, the Three Divisions Yamen and the Imperial History of the Ming Dynasty, the houses and fields of the academies in various places are all registered as officials, and the officials select sages and knowledgeable people to serve as the mountain chiefs, and lead the instructors and Confucians to practice the scriptures and books they have learned on weekdays. Those who have served as officials of the fifth rank or above in the court and in the opposition are strictly forbidden to give lectures at the academy, and those who violate the law will be expelled from the people; Regardless of the government or the opposition, anyone who gathers a crowd to satirize the government and government will be killed. ”

Liu Yixiao was the first to wake up, "Your Majesty, isn't this blocking the way of speech?" ”

"Your Excellency, according to the ancestral system, all the sages in the wild, the aspiring heroes, the simple farmers, and the merchants' skills can all be played by the political envoy to the name of the people, how can they be blocked? It is the duty of the cabinet and all ministries to appoint meritocracy and strict court laws and regulations, how can they allow those with bad intentions to gather to point fingers and bewitch the people? ”

Everyone showed each other their eyes, and they all had one thought in their hearts: Liguang Temple is inseparable from the support of the people of the world, and today's ascending to the pole is also inseparable from the support of the Minister of Gu Ming and Donglin Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou.

Zhu Youxiao also knew that the appointment of the chief of the academy mountain would have disadvantages such as favoritism, indiscriminate filling, slackness, and laymen guiding insiders, but this was not so important compared to letting scholars gather illegally, wantonly criticize the government and government, and endanger the imperial power.

Fortunately, Zhu Youxiao has hundreds of years of common sense and knows which disciplines should be encouraged and which should be curbed, so it will not cause the phenomenon of academic distraction.