On May 20, 1882, Germany, Austria and Italy signed a treaty of alliance in Vienna. The main content of the treaty: If Italy is attacked by France, Germany and Austria should give full assistance, and if Germany is invaded by France, Italy will also bear the same obligation. In the event that one or two States Parties are attacked by two or more Powers (France, Russia), the three Contracting Parties shall fight in concert. Italy made a reservation about this: if Britain attacked Germany or Austria-Hungary, Italy would not be obliged to assist its allies. When one of the major powers (referring to Russia) attacks one of the signatories, the other two signatories should adopt a good-faith neutrality, i.e., in the event of a Russo-Austrian war, Italy will remain neutral. The treaty was valid for five years and was renewed four times in 1887, 1891, 1902 and 1912, with the addition of a number of obligations clauses.

For Italy, Chen Tian has always had a strong contempt for this kind of Erwuzai. However, it was precisely because of this alliance, and the secret German pact with the Kemal regime in Turkey in 1910, that the German government actively reconciled when Italy threatened to invade the Turkish government in 1911 under the pretext of the injustice of the Italians in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica. Kemal had no choice but to cede Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to Italy in the face of the fact that Turkey's military strength would still need to be restored, that the war between Italy and Turkey could hardly be supported by the outbreak of war, and that the Balkans were in crisis.

After the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Turkey in 1910, Kemal worked to strengthen the economy and stabilize the country's ********, but Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro demanded independence from Turkish rule, which he and Turkey could not compromise. In the autumn of 1912, the First Balkan War broke out between the Balkan League of Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro and the Turkish government.

The war began with the outbreak of anti-Turkish uprisings in Albania and Macedonia, with Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece demanding that Turkey grant autonomy to Macedonia and Thrace. The Turkish government refused this request and began the mobilization of the army, and the Balkan Union declared war on Turkey. Montenegro, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece also took action, mobilizing 950,000 troops, more than 700,000 soldiers, 1,500 artillery pieces, and 4 battleships, 3 cruisers, 8 destroyers, and 11 gunboats of the Greek Navy.

Turkey mobilized 850,000 troops, about 400,000 soldiers, 1,200 artillery pieces, 30 aircraft, 3 battleships, 1 cruiser, 8 destroyers, 5 German submarines.

Under the leadership of the Kemal government and the training of German instructors, the morale and equipment of the Turkish army have improved to a certain extent. The Balkan allies, on the other hand, had a great advantage in numbers, and at the same time, encouraged by the goals of the national liberation struggle, their armies were highly motivated.

The Bulgarian army formed a main group in 3 armies in the Istanbul direction, the main forces of Serbia against the Turkish army group in Macedonia, the Greek army group of Vosalia and Army Group Ipilus were ready to deal with Thessaloniki and Yanina, respectively, the Greek Navy should act against the Turkish Navy to guarantee the sea supremacy of the allies in the Mediterranean, and the task of the Montenegrin army was to fight in Macedonia in coordination with the Serbian army. The Allies formed an encirclement posture against the Turkish army, preparing to crush the Turkish army in the Balkans before Turkish reinforcements arrived.

The Turkish High Command sought to take active action to stop the Allied offensive before reinforcements arrived. Turkey considered Bulgaria to be the most dangerous enemy and deployed its main bloc against the Bulgarian forces. The Montenegrin Army, together with the Serbian Ibar troops, fought against the Turkish forces in northern Thrace and northern Albania.

In October, the Bulgarian army crossed the border with the Turks and advanced southward, where they engaged in a fierce engagement, in which the Turks were at a disadvantage and retreated, defending Edirne, 150 km west of Istanbul. The PAR launched a fierce assault on the line in November, but was repulsed by Kemal's KPA, which suffered heavy casualties and was unable to continue the offensive.

In Macedonia, the Turkish army launched an offensive against the Serbian 1st Army in October, but was repulsed, and the Turkish army then moved to the defensive. Soon after, the Serbian armies launched a general offensive, with their 2nd Army carrying out a surprise attack on the south-west direction, posing a threat to the right flank of the Turkish army group; The 1st Army launched an offensive against Kumanovo, capturing it at the end of October; The 3rd Army carried out a flank assault on Skopje and captured it. The Serbs advanced rapidly southward, and in mid-November, in coordination with Greek forces, captured Bitoli. The Turkish army group in Macedonia began a full-scale retreat. The Serbian army corps advanced to the Adriatic coast and encircled Shkodra together with the Montenegrin army, while the Greek army swept away the Turkish army in Epirus and surrounded Anina. In southern Macedonia, the Greek army won a victory near Yenige in November and launched an offensive on Thessaloniki, but was met with stubborn resistance from the Turkish army and ultimately failed to capture Kemal's birthplace.

On 1 December, Albania declared independence.

The victory of the Balkan Union was not in the interests of the Great Powers. Therefore, while Russia supports the Balkan countries, it is also worried that the arrival of the Bulgarian army in Istanbul will not be conducive to its solution to the Black Sea strait issue. As Turkey's secret allies, Germany and Austria-Hungary did not want too much damage to Turkish power. Under pressure from the Great Powers, in December 1912, Turkey signed an armistice with Bulgaria and Serbia, and the ambassadors of the warring countries began negotiations on the terms of the peace treaty in London. In February 1913, the First Balkan War ended with the signing of the Peace of London. Under this treaty, Turkey lost more than half of its territory in Europe.

In May 1913, Serbia, having lost its access to the Adriatic Sea, demanded reparations from Macedonia. Greece also wanted to expand its territory at the expense of Bulgaria, to which Romania made territorial claims to Dobroga. Austria-Hungary and Germany tried to undermine the Entente's influence in the Balkans, meddling in them, and hastened the outbreak of the Second Balkan War. At the instigation of the German-Austrian Alliance, Bulgaria launched military operations against the Serbian and Greek armies in Macedonia in May 1913. The offensive of the various armies of the Bulgarian army was blocked. The Serbian army counterattacked, breaking through the positions of the 4th Army. The fighting continued until July. The Bulgarian army was forced to retreat. In July, Romania went to war against Bulgaria. The Romanian army occupied Dobroga and advanced its main forces towards Sofia without encountering any resistance. Subsequently, Turkey tore up the 1913 Peace of London, fought the Bulgarian army, and advanced along the coast to Varna. Bulgaria, threatened with total rout, surrendered at the end of July. Under the Treaty of Bucharest signed in August 1913, Bulgaria lost most of its reclaimed territory. In September 1913, the Bulgarian and Turkish Peace of Constantinople forced Bulgaria to cede its southern territories, including the port of Burgas, to Turkey.

The two Balkan wars led to a reorganization of the Balkan military, with Romania breaking away from the Triple League of 1882 and moving closer to the Allied powers, and Bulgaria and Turkey joining the German-Austrian Alliance. The Balkan War led to a further intensification of international contradictions, and the prelude to the Great War had already sounded......

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