To be honest, I didn't understand what Mr. Zhang meant, so I patted my cheeks with both hands and asked, "Mr. Zhang, what are you talking about?" Are the Mayans descendants of the Chinese? ”

Old man Zhang sat there in silence for a long time before he said: "This question has been around for a long time, and this is not Walle's invention, and many archaeologists support this thesis. ”

Su Wan, me, Fatty, and Xiao MM looked at Mr. Zhang in a daze, the three of them were not so surprised, but I felt that the news was too shocking! As I said, I'm a writer, and I'm mainly writing fantasy novels, and although most of them are based on fantasy, they also need to have a certain theoretical basis. Otherwise, the nonsense will not stand up to suspicion, and it will be difficult to retain readers.

And those specious theories can arouse everyone's curiosity the most, and using these things as theoretical basis or story text will play a role in getting twice the result with half the effort.

I have said all this, but the main thing I want to say is that I have carefully studied ancient civilizations. Generally speaking, it is generally accepted that there are four major ancient civilizations on the earth, namely: ancient China, ancient India, ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. These civilizations can all be traced back thousands of years BC. Among them, the most splendid is of course the ancient Chinese civilization, which has not only been handed down to this day, but the most important thing is that the ancient Chinese have a hobby of recording history. No matter how big or small, there are people who are willing to record it like writing a diary. This habit later led directly to the very special profession of historian, who was paid by the emperor to record what was happening in the country. After the new emperor ascended the throne, what the old emperor did, or what major events the country had, there will be text documents left for future generations to read and learn from.

I think that most of the readers who read my book should be Chinese, so I will not go into detail about the above things, because everyone almost knows the program. The problem is that the other civilizations are relatively mysterious, and the ancient Egyptians have left some stone tablets and tombs, which indirectly illustrate the civilization that once existed in that land like later generations; In contrast, the ancient Babylonian civilization was simply destroyed, leaving only the ancient ruins and the legend of the almost mythical Babylonian Hanging Gardens.

The most ridiculous thing is that India, a country that has produced Sakyamuni, does not have a book to record history, and even about the history of the Middle Ages, you have to learn about the history of ancient India from Master Xuanzang (the legendary master of the Monkey King, the dead bald man who recited the mantra all the time) who wrote the "Tang Dynasty Western Regions", as for the history before or after Master Sanzang, it is India's own history professor who can't tell ......==! Cups to the extreme.

When I was writing the novel, I was most interested in ancient India, which may have something to do with the widespread influence of Buddhism in China. In addition to ancient India, what fascinates me the most is the Mayan culture on the other side of the ocean. Although the Mayan civilization did not belong to the kind of civilization that had a profound impact on human civilization, it left too many unsolved mysteries. I've studied the bravery and hardship of their pyramids, and I've seen how the Spaniards eventually destroyed all the Mayan city-states and turned all of Mexico into their colony. I even studied how Mexicans eat tortillas and sautéed cacti.

But what does all this have to do with the Chinese?! For modern people, the ancient Mayan civilization is something that is outside the world, and basically has nothing to do with our lives.

Mr. Zhang had a blank look and said to me blankly: "I am a linguist, and I don't know much about history...... But Valle gave me a lot of evidence. In view of the authenticity, importance, and complexity of these evidences, I have to give detailed examples, as follows.

First of all, there is the special correspondence between the Mayan language and the Chinese language, first look at the correspondence in terms of vocabulary (the first word is Chinese, the second word is Maya): han (man) Han: han son-in-law, zhangren; Tan talk: Tan speaks; Tan charcoal: taan ash; cha fork: cha fork; suan acid: suun acid; Bao bag: pauo bag; Chi eats: chii eats meat; Chi tooth: chii mouth; chaichai: che chai; Chuan ship: Chem ship; Zhong species: chum species; Tuan Tuan (round): Tom round; Keng pit: kom pothole; Wa frog: UO frog; gangan (ge): kan (to defend); an: en; yi yi (he, she): y his; den, stool: tem den, stool; Tan altar: TEM altar; pangfat: pem fat. If we compare the words of Old Chinese with the words of the Ancient Maya, the correspondence is more prominent, and the kinship relationship is clearer: ka bitter: ka bitter; kai song: k?ai singing; hiua rain: ha, rain, water; miua none: ma no, no, none; Tau knife: tau knife; Ta belly: taa belly; diek straight: tek?(toh) straight; Piek wall: PAK wall; chiak red: chak red; shiuok number: xok (x is pronounced sh here) number; dok read: xok read; Biuat felling (chopping): bat axe; liang bright: lem bright; Diang long: tam deep, long; iangyang: yam in the center; giuan tired: kan tired; giang strong: kan strong; huang yellow: k?an yellow; sheng sheng: the time of sian's birth; Dzian front: Tan in front.

The Chinese mentioned here refers to ancient Chinese, mainly words from the Book of Songs. Maya is a Middle Language, and there are also words from Ancient and Proto-Mayan languages. Because the Maya and Chinese are separated by the vast Pacific Ocean, these same or similar words cannot be borrowed from each other, but can only be remnants of a common language. And because of the large number of such words and the strong regularity of correspondence, it cannot be an accidental similarity, but only a display of inevitability.

The basic vocabulary shared by Mayan and Chinese provides the time to calculate the separation of Mayan and Chinese. Using a table of 100 basic words, linguists can determine when the two languages were separated by finding the proportion of words common to the two languages in those 100 words. Mayan and Chinese words account for 26 of the 100 basic words, minus 4 words that may be similar by chance, and 22 words that are common to both languages. According to statistical probability, if there are 22 words in common between the two languages, the time of separation is 5,000 years, which is the time when the Maya and Chinese are separated. This time is very consistent with the results of existing studies in linguistics, archaeology, anthropology, and history: first, the Proto-Mayan languages began to diverge into the present-day Mayan dialects 4,600 years ago; Second, the earliest pottery found in the Maya region was made 4,500 years ago and is quite mature; Third, the ancient Mayan texts set the beginning of history and the calendar at 3113 BC, that is, about 5,000 years ago; Fourth, scholars believe that the Maya were the latest to come from Asia to the Americas. The latest time for ancient Asians to reach the Americas was 5,000 years ago; Fifth, the Maya legend says that their ancestors came from the west, or by boat from the north. From China to the Americas, the general direction is from west to east, if you follow the Pacific current from Fujian, Taiwan, the Ryukyus, along Japan, the Kuril Islands, the Aleutian Islands, and then along the coast of the Americas to the south, to Central America, it is to come from the north by boat.

In addition, both languages share common characteristics when it comes to phonetics and grammar. Here's a brief introduction:1. Both languages are tonal languages. Chinese has four tones that go up and down, and the sound is a sound that ends with p, t, and k, and there are still in the Fujian and Cantonese dialects. Mayan also has a low-key, high-pitched, down-pitched, and boosted voice, which is exactly the same as Chinese. The use of tones to distinguish meanings is a major feature of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Mayan language in the far Americas also has Sino-Tibetan characteristics, which strongly illustrates the close relationship between the two languages. 2。 In the dialects of both languages, there are changes in the n,ng nasal consonants at the end of the word. For example, many words with nasal sounds in Chinese and Beijing Mandarin are not nasal in Wenzhou dialect, Zhejiang. Yucatan is the standard language in the Mayan language, as the Yucatan language is reflected in the ancient Mayan texts, and some of the nasal words in Yucatan are only aspirated and not nasal in the Mayan language of Guatemala. The change of nasal consonants at the end of Chinese words is a law of Chinese phonetic development. The presence of this pattern in the Mayan language also indicates the close relationship between the two languages. 3。 The development of both Mayan and Chinese embodies the elevation of vowels, that is, a to o, o to u, and e to i. Mr. Wang Li, a Chinese paleolinguist, once emphatically pointed out that the task of Chinese history is to study the special internal laws of the development of the Chinese language. For example, the elevation of vowels is one of the internal laws of the development of the Chinese language. Nowadays, we see that the internal laws of Chinese language development also exist in Mayan languages, and the scientific explanation for this can only be the result of the development of the two kinship languages following the law of common development. 4。 Maya and Chinese share a great deal of overlap, especially in some dialects. In Chinese, it is said "Tiantian", and in Mayan it is said kinkin (日日), which means the same thing. In Chinese, it says "red", and in Mayan it says chachak, which means the same thing. In addition, Mayan and Chinese also share a special overlapping structure. In Chinese, it is said "Huang Chengcheng", and in Mayan it is kanteltel, which means the same thing. In Chinese, it says "Bai Cangcang" or "Bai Shengsheng", and in Mayan it says saktintin, which means the same thing. In addition to these examples, there are many overlapping usages. Not only the structure is the same, the meaning is the same, but even the auditory experience is the same. 5。 Both Mayan and Chinese use a large number of unit nouns, known as measure words. Chinese measure words can generally be found in Mayan language. For example, the measure words for animals are commonly used in Chinese, such as "kou", "head", and "pi", while in Maya, kot, tul, and pok are commonly used. The measure words for plants are commonly used in Chinese as "branch", "tree", and "plant", while in Maya, tsit, hek, and xek (x is pronounced sh). The measure word for the rope is commonly used in Chinese as "bundle", and the Mayan language uses kan; The Chinese language uses "bundle" to indicate things that form bundles, and the Mayan language also has a word chuy that indicates the same amount of things, and the phonetic meaning is similar. Unit nouns (measure words) are also one of the important features of the Sino-Tibetan language family, which are unique to Sino-Tibetan languages. There is also a Mayan language, which is very intimate.

The phonetics and grammar of Mayan and Chinese have other common features, such as the predominance of unit-tone roots and the lack of morphological changes. A comprehensive linguistic correspondence indicates that the two languages are indeed related.

The kinship between the Maya and the Chinese has a lot of evidence not only in terms of language, but also in the way of thinking. The common feature of the basic way of thinking of the Maya and the Chinese is that it reflects the unity of nature and man, and the unity of nature and society. In terms of social development at large, the Maya believed that prosperity, peace and prosperity alternated with decline, war and poverty. This has something to do with the calculations of the Mayan astronomical calendar, which believed that there was a cycle of good and bad every 13 calendar years in 20 years. For example, the abandonment of the city of Chichen Itza and the hegemony of the Mayapan city-state, as well as the subsequent decline of the Mayapan city and the conquest by the Spaniards, all show this cycle of rise and fall of the calendar. This view of history is very consistent with the view of ancient Chinese history.

The basic outlook on life of the Mayans can be summed up in "don't go too far", which is very consistent with the ancient Chinese philosophy of life, the "golden mean". Guided by this ideology, the Mayans had a strong respect for the natural environment. Hunting is very restrained, one is not willing to kill innocent animals indiscriminately, and the other is to leave opportunities for other hunters to forage. Farming, burning forests, pre-sacrificing sacrifices, praying for forgiveness and blessing from the gods, and cultivating land according to the needs of the population, ensuring food without excessive production and destruction of nature. So the way of life pursued by the Mayans is harmony between people and harmony between people and nature.

The Maya's idea of the unity of man and nature manifested itself in all aspects of life, and many of them were the same as those of the Chinese. The Mayans called the poet "Ah Feng", and poetry is equal to the wind. In China's earliest poem "Book of Songs", the folk songs of various places are also called wind. In the language of the Mayans, flowers can mean natural flowers, or they can refer to people who are lustful and greedy, the same as the Chinese. The social symbols of the Mayans are also the same as those of the Chinese: red symbolizes power, yellow symbolizes auspiciousness, and white symbolizes falsehood, so the white father is equal to the Chinese uncle, and the white mother is equal to the Chinese aunt, which can be said to be a very interesting special agreement. Chinese folk often call the sun the old man, and the Mayans also commonly call it that. In ancient China, the Chu people called milk grain (grain), while the Mayans called corn milk and corn cob breast, which is a special consistency. What is more special is that the ancient Chinese Guan Nian is called Zai, which originated before the Xia Dynasty, and this concept of time is the same as that of the Mayans: the Mayans believe that each year is carried by a god, one after another, so the year and the Zai are closely related, and a year is also a god's load.

The Mayan concept of the unity of man and nature in the Mayan language has many examples of the same thinking and language as the Chinese. The Mayans used the same word al for children, small animals, and fish roe, which means that the tongue of man and animal is the same word for fire (tongue of fire), the same word for human arms (limbs) and branches, and the same word kab for human arms (limbs) and branches, and kak for anger (fury). Even more interesting is the Mayan word tan which can mean a hall house (living room), can mean chest, and can also mean a dignified man (a mature young man, a young man around 25 years old). The Mayan word tom is round, while tomtom is chaos, which is equivalent to the tuan tuan in the Chinese "tuan tuan zhuan". These are special correspondences to the way of thinking.

The common characteristics of the Mayan and Chinese thinking are also expressed in the creation of Mayan and Chinese characters. There are pictographs in Mayan scripts, such as "Tian", there are words for referring to things, such as "Zhong", and there are borrowed words, such as "Zhong" as "seed", and fork as "Chu". Moreover, the shape of Tian, Zhong and Fork characters also resembles Chinese characters. In addition, there are many morphophonetic characters in Mayan scripts. The systematic consistency of thinking between the Maya and the Chinese proves the inevitable kinship between the Maya and the Chinese.

The kinship between the Maya and the Chinese is expressed not only in language and way of thinking, but also in customs. The study of this aspect can sometimes contribute to the study of ancient Chinese culture. For example, in ancient Chinese divination, if a person had a strange number, he thought it was unlucky. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fought against the Xiongnu and did not reuse the famous general Li Guang, because the result of divination for Li Guang was strange and unlucky. How to divination has been lost in China. The Mayan divination also has the same saying, even auspicious, odd malevolent, while the specific practice has been preserved. The Mayans used a pile of corn kernels, taking out some casually and setting them aside, and then counting the rest in four or four. If the total number of these groups of four is an odd number, and the rest is also an odd number, i.e., three grains or one grain of corn, it is fierce; If both are even, it is auspicious; If one of the two is an odd number and the other is an even number, it is auspicious. The Mayans and Chinese not only have the same saying that even numbers are auspicious and odd numbers are fierce, but they also call diviners the same. In ancient China, this kind of person was called "Rizhi", and the Mayans called this kind of person Ahkin. Ah is equivalent to the Chinese "A", and the Chinese "A" is not only common in the southern dialects, but also often added "A" to ancient names. In the oldest "Book of Books", the famous minister Yi Yin of the Shang Dynasty is called Ah Heng. Cao Cao's nickname is Ah Pu. Kin is the Mayan word for sun, the sun. So ahkin is a day, and in other words, it is a Japanese person. If the Maya and the Chinese were not related, this very special commonality would not have been possible.

When it comes to divination, the Maya and the Chinese have something else in common. In ancient China, there was a method used to divinate lost things or people, called Yuanguang. Let the innocent child look in the mirror and it is said that he can see what is lost or where the person is. The Mayans also had the habit of asking the child to look at a transparent spar and tell what they saw if they lost something. The Maya and the Chinese also share common characteristics in terms of forms of entertainment. The Maya, like the Chinese folk, often played rope games. There is a way to play in China called chicken claw buckles, and the Mayans also play chicken claw buckles, and the Mayan name is called chicken claw buckles. The two ends of the rope are tied together, then turned over, set back and forth, and finally three interconnected buckles are wound in the middle, like chicken paws.

The Maya, like the Chinese, also played dice. They called it playing corn because they used four grains of corn as the dir, and one side was dyed black. If two or four sides of the roll are black, you win. In ancient China, the number of dice was indefinite. You can use six grains, one side is dyed red, and the four sides of the red are rolled to win, Yang Guifei and Tang Minghuang have played like this, and the gameplay is very similar to the Mayans. In terms of customs, the Maya were very particular about the difference between men and women. When eating, men and women do not eat together, but always the men eat first, and the men finish eating before the women eat. When walking, if a man and a woman meet on the road, the woman should avoid the side of the road, bow her head and wait for the man to walk over, and the woman to walk again. What's more interesting is that when a couple walks, they can't walk side by side, but the man is in front and the woman is behind, and they have to keep a distance. The inferiority of men and women in ancient Mayan society was also manifested in some taboos: women giving birth to children and menstruating could not be seen by men, and they would be unlucky if they saw it. Moreover, women must maintain their chastity, and adultery between men and women is punishable by death. It can be seen that the customs of ancient Mayan society are completely similar to those of ancient China.

The common characteristics of Mayan and Chinese customs are multifaceted, such as dream interpretation: when a person dreams of losing a tooth, it means that a loved one will die. There are also signs: if a cat washes its face, it means that there are guests coming. Of course, these are the common customs of the ancient Maya and the Chinese, although it is superstitious, but its special corresponding characteristics are noteworthy. In terms of food, clothing, housing and transportation, the Maya and the Chinese also have a lot in common. In terms of eating, both Maya and Chinese eat in bowls, unlike Europeans and Americans who use plates. In addition, the Mayans ate not on the table, but on the mat. The Chinese were also like this in ancient times, otherwise, how to call eating a feast. The Mayans ate on mats, which had something to do with their dwelling life. They do not sleep on the bed, they do not sit on chairs, but on mats, the same as the ancient Chinese. Speaking of sitting, the ancient Mayans sat and knelt in two ways, sitting with the legs in front of them and the knees on the ground. This is the same as sitting in ancient China. In ancient China, people with high status sat on their feet, and people with low status knelt down. The Maya were the same, because men were inferior to women, so women used to sit on their knees.

The Mayan housing was built in the same way as the Chinese in the past, with a column-and-beam structure, with four pillars erected first, beams on the pillars, and then roofs on the beams. The houses of the common people were mud or thatched, and the houses of the nobles were stone buildings. In addition, the ancient Maya state was a city-state, with the supreme chief living in the center of the city, and the nobles, merchants, craftsmen, farmers, and slaves living outward. The lowest-ranking people lived the farthest from the city center, much like China's imperial capital in the past. Speaking of nobility, the aristocracy of the Maya people is called "Zinan", which is the same as the ancient Chinese name, and has the same idea.

In terms of clothing and clothing, the ancient Maya and the Chinese also had common characteristics. The clothes worn by the Chinese in ancient times were a square cloth, called a baofang, that is, a robe. A robe is a bag that wraps the upper body from back to front and is buttoned on the chest or side. The Mayan tunic is also such a piece of cloth, called pati, and the name is also similar to the Chinese robe. The Mayan man's undergarment was also a loincloth, divided into banners. In ancient China, men's underwear was also a waist cloth, called a dress. The earliest word "Chang" is the word "裳", which is a pictograph. The Mayans called the loincloth ex, and the x pronunciation is similar to sh, which has a common consonant sound with the Chinese character "裳".

The Maya attached great importance to road construction. Their path is very similar to the road of the Zhou Dynasty mentioned in the Book of Songs, like a whetstone placed on the ground, flat and straight, and built much higher than the ground. In addition, ancient Chinese roads had dwellings for pedestrians at certain distances, called Lu. The Mayan roads also had dwellings at certain distances, called lub, which is very similar in pronunciation to the Chinese "lu".

The ancient Maya and Chinese also had common characteristics in terms of burial customs, especially the burial of children. One is to use an urn coffin, and the other is to have a small hole in the upper part of the urn coffin or cover. The Maya bury the child and a piece of the mother's finger. This is naturally reminiscent of a sentence that we Chinese often describe maternal love: it hurts to bite any one of the ten fingers. It is likely that this means that the Chinese also had the same custom as the Mayans in ancient times, such as mothers biting off their fingers to bury their dead children.

The Maya and Chinese are consistent in all aspects of language, way of thinking, and customs, vividly showing the kinship between the people of the two places.

It is somewhat appalling to bring up such a large amount of documentary material, but because this assumption is very important to this book, I have to explain Valle's inference in detail as it is, and what I want to express is Walle's final opinion: about 5,000 years ago, some ancient Chinese climbed mountains and waded thousands of miles to Mexico, and multiplied the splendid civilization that flourished.

After listening to this long retelling of Old Man Zhang, I couldn't help but retort: "This is simply impossible! Ancient China is one of the best environments for human survival, why didn't those Mayans stay, but instead ran thousands of miles to the broken place in Mexico where rabbits don't poop? After all, Mexico belongs to the kind of semi-Gobi environment, which is not very suitable for human habitation, and the water supply is very problematic. ”

Old man Zhang waved his hand and said that you are not a problem at all, I think that when the Mayans left China, they must not know what their destination was like, and when they arrived at the place, they thought that it might be too late to regret it, and they could not go back, so they could only stay.

Su Wan said that that's not right, even if you take a boat by sea, it is a long way of tens of thousands of miles, what do they eat on the way? What to drink? Su Wan waved her hand and said that she didn't mention any of this, just the means of transportation were enough for those people to worry about, they still belonged to the Stone Age at that time, and it was impossible to build a huge ship, it would be nice to have a small sampan...... Paddle a sampan to South America? Are you kidding?

The fat man shook his head and said that this may not be a difficult thing, a big boat is impossible, but there is absolutely no problem with a big bamboo raft, the bamboo raft is very sturdy, even if it is soaked on the sea for a few years, it will not sink. As for drinking water, you can take some with you, or replenish some on the islands halfway. The problem of food is the simplest, our ancestors have long been able to fish and net fish.

After such an analysis, the rest of us stopped talking and were silent for a while. I still asked my question: "So what's the motivation?" Why did they leave China? According to Valle, they left China 5,000 years ago, which means that after they left, our ancestors deduced the 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization. At that time, the activities of our ancestors were limited to the Yellow River Valley, Jiangnan, Fujian, Guangdong, Xishu, Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Northeast China, and North Korea...... You can cultivate yourself anywhere, why do you have to go to South America? In other words, it is not one person or two people, at least a whole tribe, thousands of people. "I didn't ask you these words, but asked Su Wan directly, she used to be a police officer, and she must be more familiar with human behavior than us.

Su Wan sat up straight and said, "If you have to explain, then there are nothing more than two possibilities: one is that this tribe was oppressed by the rulers at that time, and had to move to avoid trouble, and the farther away the better." The second situation is that the people of this tribe were appointed by the ruler of the time to carry out a very important task in a distant land, and willingly embarked on a distant journey. ”

Everyone was silent for a while, and each of us tried our best to refute the absurd fallacy, but for some reason, we went around and around, but we got into it more and more.

Old Man Zhang cried and said, "I'm not an archaeologist, but I've heard a lot of ancient legends. According to Valle's calculations, the period when the Maya and Chinese were separated should be 5,000 years ago, and at that time, it was also the beginning of Chinese civilization, when the ruler of the Yellow Emperor, created the entire Chinese civilization. ”

"Well," the fat man nodded and said, "I have also heard the story of the Yellow Emperor's battle against Chiyou. It is said that Chiyou beat the Yellow Emperor's elder brother Yandi, and the Yan Emperor asked the Yellow Emperor for help, and the Yellow Emperor led a large army to fight Chiyou. Chiyou enlisted the devils of hell to help him, and launched a fog that covered the sky and the sun on the battlefield...... But in the end, he still didn't beat the Yellow Emperor, and was caught and killed by the Yellow Emperor. ”

Old Man Zhang shook his head when he heard this, and said that the legend I heard is slightly different from what you heard, after the Yellow Emperor captured Chiyou, he did not kill Chiyou, but persuaded Chiyou, and then sent Chiyou to eradicate those remnants of the hungry ghosts of hell. Because of this, people in later generations respected the Yellow Emperor, Emperor Yan, and Chiyou as the 'Three Ancestors of China', and Chiyou was respected as the god of war.

When I heard this, a bold assumption suddenly popped up in my heart, and I said: "If the legend that Old Man Zhang said is true, then is it possible that the Yellow Emperor sent Chi You to hunt down the hungry ghosts of hell, and Chi You led his tribe all the way to South America?" ”