In the spring of the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang led the army out of Qishan again, and the fifth northern expedition of Shu Han in a short period of time, Zhuge Liang led his troops to the north for the fourth time. The pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info because Cao Zhen was seriously ill in this battle, so Cao Wei took Sima Yi as the main commander, and he replaced Cao Zhen as Cao Wei's new generation of commander on the Western Front.

There are two completely different versions in the history of this operation, one is the "Han Jin Spring and Autumn Version", which is inclined to Shu Han, and the other is the "Book of Jin" version, which is inclined to Sima Yi.

As for who is right and who is wrong in these two versions, it needs to be discussed in detail.

["Han Jin Spring and Autumn Version" version]

The version of the Spring and Autumn Period of the Han Jin Dynasty was later cited in the Zizhi Tongjian, which records that Zhuge Liang seized the grain and grass of Shangqi and broke Sima Yi.

According to the "Spring and Autumn Period of the Han Jin Dynasty":

Zhuge Liang led various armies to invade the Wei realm, besieged Qishan, and also colluded with Kebineng, who led his troops to camp in the northern stone city, echoing Zhuge Liang from afar. At this time, the great Sima Cao Zhen was seriously ill, so Emperor Ming summoned Sima Yi from Jingzhou to enter the court, and said to him: "The West is a serious matter, and it is not the king who can pay it." So he sent Sima Yi to the west to station in Chang'an, commanding the generals Zhang He, Fei Yao, Dai Ling, Guo Huai and other imperial Zhuge Liang.

Sima Yi ordered Fei Yao and Dai Ling to leave 4,000 elite soldiers on defense, and the rest of the soldiers were all dispatched to the west to rescue Qishan. Zhang He planned to allocate part of his troops to garrison Yongxian and Yixian, Sima Yi said: "It is estimated that the troops in front can independently resist the enemy, and the general's opinion is correct; If the troops in front could not resist the enemy and were divided into two parts, the front and the rear, this is the reason why the three armies of Chu were defeated by Dubu. (Note 1) "So he marched in.

Zhuge Liang detached a force to stay behind and continue to attack Qishan, and personally led the army to Shangqi to meet Sima Yi. Guo Huai, Fei Yao and others copied Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Liang defeated them, took the opportunity to harvest the wheat of Shangti, and met Sima Yi east of Shangti. Sima Yi collected troops to defend against danger, and the two armies were not allowed to fight, and Zhuge Liang led the army back.

Sima Yi followed Zhuge Liang and arrived at Lucheng. Zhang He said: "He came here to meet our army, and his demand for combat could not achieve the goal, believing that our army was conducive to not fighting, and he intended to win with a long-term plan." Moreover, the Qishan side knew that the army was approaching, and the people's hearts were naturally stable, so they could garrison the army here, and divide a surprise army to appear on their rear road, and they should not only dare to follow but not dare to pursue, so as to disappoint the people. Now Zhuge Liang is fighting alone, and there is little food, and he is about to leave. ”

Sima Yi did not listen to Zhang He's advice and deliberately followed Zhuge Liang. However, after catching up, he went up the mountain and camped again, refusing to fight Zhuge Liang. Jia Xu and Wei Ping asked to fight many times, and said: "You are as afraid as a tiger, how can you not let the world make fun of you!" Sima Yi was very dissatisfied with this. The generals asked to fight. In the summer, in May, Xin had (the tenth day of the first month), Sima Yi asked Zhang He to attack He Ping, the military supervisor of Shu Wudang, who was in the south of Qi Mountain, and personally confronted Zhuge Liang head-on according to the middle road. Zhuge Liang ordered Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, and Wu Ban to meet the battle, the Wei army was defeated, the Shu army captured 3,000 people, got 5,000 Xuan armor, 3,100 crossbows, and Sima Yi retreated back to the camp.

[Book of Jin Edition]

There is a big gap between the records in the "Book of Jin" and the "Spring and Autumn Period of the Han Dynasty", and they basically describe the relevant battles, all of which ended with Sima Yi's victory.

According to the Book of Jin:

In the fifth year of Taihe (231), Zhuge Liang invaded Tianshui, and Wei generals Jia Si and Wei Ping were besieged in Qishan. The Son of Heaven said to Sima Yi: "There is something going on in the West now, and there is no one who can be entrusted to Feijun. "He sent Sima Yitun's army to Chang'an, and the military governors of Yong and Liang Erzhou (Note 2), and led the cavalry general Zhang He, the later general Fei Yao, the Shu protector Dai Ling, and the Yongzhou assassin Guo Huai to crusade against Zhuge Liang. Zhang He advised Sima Yi to divide his troops into Yong and Yi counties as rear towns, and Sima Yi said: "If it is expected that the former army can resist the Shu army alone, your opinion is okay." If you can't resist the Shu army, divide the army into two parts, which is why the third army of Chu was captured by Tubu. "Immediately march to the elk.

When Zhuge Liang heard that the Wei army was coming, he personally led the generals to cut the wheat in Shangqi. The generals of Wei were all afraid, so Sima Yi said: "Zhuge Liang thinks about the problem carefully and does not act decisively, he must first set up camp to prepare for self-defense, and then cut the wheat, and we can arrive by a two-day rapid march." So he unloaded his armor and lightly armed, marched day and night, and the Shu army fled in the dust.

Sima Yi also said: "Our army is advancing at the same time, and the soldiers are tired, this is the time when people who know the art of war are greedy for merit, and Zhuge Liang does not dare to occupy Weishui, which is easy to deal with." So he marched to Hanyang and met Zhuge Liang, and Sima Yi lined up and waited. The general Niu Jin led a light cavalry to lure the Shu army, just approaching the Shu army and Zhuge Liang retreated, Niu Jin chased to Qishan.

Zhuge Liang tun soldiers in the city, occupy the north and south mountains, block the water and build a wall. Sima Yi broke through the wall, Zhuge Liang fled at night, and the Wei army pursued, broke the Shu army, and captured and beheaded tens of thousands. The Son of Heaven sent envoys to comfort the officers and soldiers and increase Sima Yi's fiefdom.

[Difference between the two versions]

The trend of this battlefield in the "Spring and Autumn Period of the Han Dynasty" and the "Book of Jin" is generally the same, and some of the names are recorded differently, but they should all be the same person, like Jia Xu and Jia Si, Dai Ling and Dai Ling should all refer to one person.

The early records of the two books are generally the same, both Zhuge Liang besieged Qishan, and then Cao Rui sent the general Sima Yi to confront him, and Zhang He advised Sima Yi to stay in Yong and Yi counties but was refused. Then Zhuge Liang attacked and arrived at Shangqi. Since then, the records of the two books have contradicted, but the general route is still the same, Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang first confronted each other in Shangqi, and then clashed in Lucheng, and finally Zhuge Liang retreated.

"Han Jin Spring and Autumn Period" records that Zhuge Liang first defeated Guo Huai and Fei Yao, and seized grain from Shangqi, and then Sima Yi defended according to the danger, Zhuge Liang retreated, Sima Yi followed, and the two sides came to Lucheng, Zhang He thought that Zhuge Liang's soldiers were not enough food, and advised Sima Yi to divide his troops to attack the rear of Shu Han, which was refused. Because the generals asked to go to war, Sima Yi later sent Zhang He to attack He Ping, the supervisor of the Shu army, and he himself contained Zhuge Liang, but he was defeated and lost 3,000 people.

According to the record in the Book of Jin, the battles ended with Sima Yi's victory, and Zhuge Liang's troops did not even dare to confront Sima Yi head-on. After Zhuge Liang went to Shangtai to collect grain, Cao Wei's generals were very afraid, it was Sima Yi who persuaded everyone to march to Shangqi in a hurry, Zhuge Liang retreated without a fight, and then marched to Hanyang, sending Niu Jin to lure Zhuge Liang, but the Shu army retreated again without a fight, and finally Zhuge Liang came to Lucheng to garrison, and then was broken by Sima Yi, Zhuge Liang was defeated and fled.

That is to say, in "The Spring and Autumn Period of the Han Dynasty", Sima Yi was afraid of war, although the generals under his command were high-spirited, but the Shu Han army was like a wolf and a tiger under the leadership of Zhuge Liang, and then Cao Wei's troops were taken away from grain and grass, and the battle was lost, and Zhuge Liang defeated Sima Yi. In the "Book of Jin", Sima Yi is a wise and martial artist, and the generals under his command have no courage, and they are very scared when they see Zhuge Liang coming, and then Zhuge Liang is completely scum, and he doesn't even have the courage to confront Sima Yi head-on, and finally stationed in Lucheng, and was directly abused into a dog by Sima Yi.

In general, Zhuge Liang was blown to the sky in "Spring and Autumn of the Han Dynasty", while "Book of Jin" blew Sima Yi to death, and everyone else was Sima Yi's foil.

Note 1: After the rebellion of Yingbu, the state of Chu was crusaded, and the state of Chu mobilized its army to fight against the state of Yingbu between Xu and Yu, and the state of Chu divided its troops into three ways and wanted to use the strange strategy of mutual rescue. Someone advised General Chu: "Yingbu is good at fighting with soldiers, and the people have always feared him. Moreover, the art of war says: 'The princes fought the enemy in their own territory, and when the soldiers were in danger, they fled.' Now that the army is divided into three ways, they only need to defeat one of our armies, and the rest will run away, how can they help each other! "Chu will not listen to advice. Yingbu defeated one of the armies, and the other two armies scattered and fled.

Note 2: Liangzhou is one of the ancient Kyushu, equivalent to Yizhou, after Wei destroyed Shu, Shu was divided into Liang and Yierzhou, that is to say, there was no Liangzhou during the Cao Rui period.