In a teahouse near the pier, a few people were chatting there. Pen, fun, and www.biquge.info

The men had apparently just disembarked, and their faces were a little tired from a long time on the boat, but they couldn't hide their interest in what the diners around them were talking about.

After listening to it for a while, one of them smiled and said: "Li Yun, your little junior brother is so famous in Mincheng, why is everyone talking about him as soon as he comes?" ”

Li Yun smiled: "I don't know, when I came here before, I only heard that he could write plays, but I didn't think that it had only been a few months, and he had started a glass business, and it had caused a storm in the city." It doesn't look like it's a small one. ”

"Well, that's not small. It's also interesting to think that a person who's been busy experimenting all day, as you said, still has time to do this? ”

"I don't know, it's weird, I can't tell. This time, Mr. asked me to ask my junior brother something, and by the way, I invited him to go to the capital as soon as possible, and I don't know if he can get out. Last time, I said I was going to do something big, but now it seems that I have already started to do it. ”

A person next to him listened to Li Yun's words with a smile, and listened to the people at the table next to him talking, and said with a smile: "Listen to this, what your little junior brother said is interesting, what knowledge is money...... Tsk, I just don't know that your discipline can burn glass? ”

Li Yun also smiled: "There is still some connection after all." According to his article, everything is made up of small particles and recombined, so it is not surprising that I can say that I burn glass, even crystals. ”

"Yes, you are lucky, there is such a little junior brother, Mr. Mu is not trying to be famous, but he found that such a famous thing in history has fallen on you. I thought that those pamphlets hadn't reached Mincheng yet, and your little junior brother in Mincheng wouldn't be too famous, but I didn't expect it to be as good as in the capital. ”

Hearing this, Li Yun smiled and leaned back, waved his hand and said: "In the capital, this name is not because of our discipline, we can only say that those people borrowed the article of the junior brother, how can we figure out what is a country and what is a person?" ”

Everyone couldn't help but laugh when they thought of some of the discussions that were all going on in the capital.

…………

The news of the capital is always much earlier than elsewhere, and when the pamphlet published by the school palace is still on the way to Mincheng, it has already caused a wave of excitement in the capital.

This wave was sparked by the first pamphlet published in the following year, and the first article on "Inductive and Deductive Methods" appeared in journals of several disciplines except the Chemistry Museum.

Many people were amazed when they bought the booklet, both for their appreciation of the summary of inductive and deductive logic, and also because they were surprised that the article had been recognized by several disciplines, and all of them were published as the first article of the year.

There are also many comments from well-known people in the back, and many of the people who comment are people who are interested in these hobbies or who study these disciplines often hear about them.

It's just that the author of this extremely philosophical-sounding article is a nobody, so nameless that many people rack their brains to recall where this Chen Jian has heard it, but unfortunately there are those who have the same name after thinking about it for a long time, but it is definitely not.

What's even more terrifying is that the first booklet of the year of the chemical naturalist is thickened, and most of the whole booklet is written by this young man who has never heard of it, the first article is, and the last one is also, and there is a high probability that a page will be flipped at will......

This is a little scary, and what is even more terrifying is that after the New Year, there are two explosive news about the chemistry department in the school palace, two new inseparable things have been discovered, and all of this is linked to all kinds of speculation in the pamphlet.

For those who really study the discipline of naturalist chemistry, the discovery of the two inseparable things is secondary, and the important thing is that Chen Jian's seemingly reasonable speculation constructs a system, a rule, and a vain attempt to explain the world.

Almost overnight, the topic became an unavoidable issue in a certain circle, and the content of it was spread every day.

However, not everyone can understand the content, and the strangest thing happened.

After this pamphlet caused an uproar in the chemical naturalist department, it burst out with even more powerful vitality and brilliance in some circles that like to discuss people, freedom, rights, and the state.

In just two months, there were dozens of debates about the pamphlet's worldview, and the resulting loud quarrels began in earnest in the capital.

A new realm of tearing that is different from the previous one has begun.

The pamphlet first caused a sensation with an article that I don't know who the author was, but the article quickly sparked a lot of controversy.

Resonance, opposition, fear, or joy.

Here's what it looks like:

"Everything in the world is made up of particles. Mountains and rivers are like this, and grass, trees, bamboos and stones are still there. ”

Therefore, the essence of the world cannot be changed by man, and all changes in the world are nothing but the recombination and movement of particles. So matter exists objectively and is eternal. ”

"The so-called liking and resentment are nothing but external reactions to the proximity or distancing of material combinations or certain movements."

"Since everything is made up of particles, so is man. Therefore, man is essentially a kind of machine that is tightly controlled by the way of heaven and earth, and all activities are nothing but the operation of machines. It's like a loom, and it moves because of the pedals......"

The opening chapter borrows Chen Jian's microparticle worldview, uses the newly learned inductive and deductive logic, and expounds a truth in the thousands of words after the opening, a mechanical materialist truth: everything in human beings can actually be explained by matter, without resorting to a soul that is beyond matter.

Then he made the point that there are only two kinds of things in the world, one natural and one artificial.

Man itself is a product of nature, but it cannot be separated from society, so there are two natures of man: natural and artificial.

Later, using Chen Jian's article on particles, he explained conclusively: "Particles, which are the foundation of the universe, matter is indestructible, and man is also a kind of thing, so we can regard the way of heaven and earth as the principle of nature." The trend between the particles tends to be stable at this moment: that is, lime can only be turned into carbon dioxide and quicklime by incineration, but carbonic acid can only be turned into lime by touching quicklime. ”

"This is true at this moment, but if the world at this moment is a hot world, then the particles that make up lime tend to turn into carbon dioxide and quicklime......"

Starting with the tropism of the particles, people are introduced.

"In the world at this moment, since man also belongs to nature, then man's nature is to obey the way of heaven and earth, and there is a tendency. Just as a tiger kills a cow or a sheep, and a fox takes away chickens and ducks, it is natural for people to obey the way of heaven and earth and can only be evil. ”

"The natural nature of human beings is to seek advantage and avoid disadvantage, to seek pleasure from hardship, to chase fame and fortune, to mate, to money, and to endless personal interests."

"Man is naturally living, and in this state of life is complete naturalness without artificiality—here artificiality is the most natural public authority and force created by man—man's nature is a natural right of nature, so that in the state of nature man has and instinctively wants to realize his natural right."

"Based on human nature, it is inevitable that people in the state of nature will take all means to achieve their own ends. This is the state of nature under absolute freedom, the war of all against all, the enemy of every other man, and this is the embodiment of the absolute naturalness of man. ”

However, the fundamental way of heaven and earth, such as the naturalness of pursuing advantages and avoiding disadvantages, and pursuing personal interests, is for self-survival. That is, self-existence is the basis of all human nature, and when this foundation is threatened by the chaos of all against all in the state of nature, the natural rights and desires of possession of all have to give way to the root of human nature, that is, self-existence. ”

Thus the rules of nature based on reason appeared, which were the product of artificiality, but whose purpose was to protect the naturalness of man to the greatest extent. There is no such thing as absolute justice in the state of nature, and transcending the state of nature is a consideration that is beneficial to the self-survival of all people. ”

"In the absence of violence and criminal law to ensure the maximum protection of human nature, we will inevitably fall into the chaos of fighting and war in the absolute state of nature."

From here, another argument proves that the legitimacy and rationality of the state is not natural, but the natural final choice of man to seek advantage and avoid harm.

“…… People live in the state and are bound in all sorts of ways. The fundamental purpose of this restraint is to preserve oneself, that is, man's natural right to live, from being harmed by others. ”

"The state is established by the consent of all men in the manner in which every man says to every other person: I acknowledge this person or this collective, and give up my right to govern myself, and grant this right of self-administration to the collective, but likewise the rest of the collective also gives up their rights. It's a contract. ”

The pamphlet came to an abrupt end here, and it was clear that it was not enough.

It is said that when it first came out, it was a woman's handwriting, or at least it looked like a woman's. It's very slender, but then the original is printed, and most people just see the print.

This abrupt end and inexhaustibility have sparked the thoughts of many middle- and upper-class young people in the capital and some people who think about these issues.

From a logical point of view, this is self-consistent with today's level of knowledge and depth of thought, and perfectly explains many problems, forming a worldview based on the essentially immutable nature of the mechanical, particulate universe.

But the problems that followed this abruptly were terrible.

Since it is a contract, with whom is this contract signed? Is this a virtual personality or a specific person?

This again leads to a paradox: when any person assumes the personality of the State and the people, or becomes a member of a council that assumes the personality of the people, that person himself has the status of a natural person, and the status of a natural person necessarily leads him to pursue his own natural rights, and thus may undermine the natural rights of the people he bears.

Even if he seeks the public welfare and the interests of all in terms of political status, he will also pursue his own interests, and when public and private interests conflict, he will put his own interests first.

This is only an introduction, and many truths seem even ridiculous, but they are indispensable, and without this ridiculous delusion it is like this paradox that all problems can be solved without a rational and unnatural person who has full state and absolute rights, but it does not exist.

In the final analysis, this is just the beginning of a debate about whether human nature is good or evil after hundreds of years of development.

It's not explosives, it's not artillery, and even a lot of things are ridiculous and can be mocked by posterity, but isn't it meaningless?

Those who discuss this matter will not think so far, Chen Jian will not think that a material particle theory will cause such an uproar, let alone that the article is detached from its own disciplinary significance.

This abrupt end of this chapter on thinking about man, state, and rights has caused too many shocks in the capital, and many people have seized the opportunity to start from there.

There was criticism, disdain, praise, and rational opposition, and all kinds of strange ideas about good and evil, nature, absolute reason, mechanical materialism, soul duality, and moral heaven began to converge in the corners and halls of the capital with this spring thunder.

This was not written by Chen Jian, but the consequences that followed inevitably had to be related to Chen Jian, and the theory of the invariance of particulate matter supported the logic in it, so some people began to attack this speculation, so as to completely solve the article about people and the various discussions it caused.