This thing looks so troublesome! I'm dizzy when I look at it. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 info So building a battleship is not about blowing bubbles and being as big as you want. Artillery fire control is to direct the artillery to make the shell accurately hit the designated target, this subject seems to be very simple, but the actual operation is extremely troublesome, if the target is very close and fixed at the same time, then it is not too difficult to hit, but with the gradual increase of the distance, the firing turret is moving, the target being shot is also moving, but also to concentrate multiple guns to shoot at the same target, which is a bit difficult.

The increase of distance means that the projectile travels longer in the air, and with the increase of the flight time, the effect of gravity of the projectile also increases, the greater the degree of ballistic bending, and the accumulation of errors caused by factors such as the relative motion of friend and foe and wind deflection is also greater.

The earlier artillery aiming method can be described as extensive, basically in the "cannon body aiming" method (at that time, the cannon body of the cast iron cannon and bronze cannon was thin in front and thick in the back with a slope, and the uneven trajectory can be compensated for directly in this way), in fact, it is by using the tail and the upper edge of the muzzle, two points and one line of quasi-aiming point, and then the pitching gun can carry out a rough long-distance attack, as for how accurate it can be described as basically impossible.

At that time, there were not many attempts to adjust the muzzle velocity of artillery, but there were also calculations of the amount of charge and the use of projectiles of different weights to adjust it, but grapeshot shells were basically used at close range.

The gunners of sea ships have a problem of deck tilting compared to land guns, and the equipment invented in the early days to correct the hull roll is to hang a round projectile under the mast with a rope, and the gunner stares at this improvised pendulum that swings with the hull, and when it swings parallel to the mast, the gunner ignites the gun, of course, another use is to use the hull to swing at the highest point to fire the gun, so as to obtain the maximum range.

In the early 19th century, the aiming of the gun was composed of two sharp points in the front and back of the gun body, and the line of sight parallel to the gun bore could be obtained through the two sharp points, and then on this basis, the sight was carved with notches to fine-tune the elevation angle of the gun.

The improvement of artillery and propellant in the American Civil War brought about an increase in the range of artillery, which made the requirements for artillery accuracy increase, which also made the artillery sight with a scale more necessary, in order to better aim and shoot, a series of pinions began to be installed at the rear of the gun to adjust up and down, left and right, and the artillery aiming mount began to be born, and the deviation of long-distance shooting of large artillery was corrected by a slightly backward sighting mount.

At the end of the 19th century, the aiming telescope was invented, and it became a trend to operate a gun with two sights, and the aiming of the gun was controlled by two scopes respectively, and the rotary anchor scope was responsible for the maneuver of the gun, and the pitch anchor scope was responsible for the pitching of the gun, and the two people worked together to share the work of aiming at the target.

Of course, artillery has gradually become more sophisticated than rough, and the pitch gauge and swirling dial have begun to be installed on various guns, but it is obviously very difficult to accurately hit the target compared to the target moving with each other.

The first mechanically aided sight was the benchmark rangefinder in 1898 (it seems that only the US military used this tool, and at the same time Europe had developed an optical rangefinder).

The benchmark rangefinder was not very accurate and could only cope with short-range targets, but one of its principles was later applied to the coincident optical rangefinder. That is, the kind of optical rangefinder with lenses at both ends that we commonly saw later.

This optical rangefinder can provide sufficiently accurate data on land and sea targets with good visibility, and the error is within a tolerable range. Later, the stereoscopic optical rangefinder was also developed, in addition to accurately measuring sea and land targets, it can also measure fast-moving air targets, and in modern times it is a ranging radar, which is an accurate ranging that can surpass the firing distance of artillery, which was only possible during World War II.

There was a precise distance, but the hit rate of the ship's guns was still not high, and an important device, the calculation device, was missing.

Before talking about the calculation device, let's talk about the paper calculation method, simply put, the paper calculation method is to assume the direction and distance of the target's movement, and then calculate the elevation angle and maneuver of the artillery to reach what position can accurately hit the target, this calculation method has no meaning in actual combat, because it takes too much time, neither can it continuously solve and correct the initial error, but also can not change the calculation result with the change of the target position, but the paper calculation method is not useless, and it is still used to do post-shot analysis.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the drawing method brought improvements to the calculation work, the drawing method is to mark a series of target distances and azimuth points on the drawing, and then connect these points into a line to roughly judge the course and speed of the target, this method can determine the movement of the target, and then effectively predict the flight time and flight distance of their projectile according to the law, and in practice, the artillery fire of the main turret is controlled by this method for a while.

The advent of this mapping method established the basic principle for later mechanical range calculators.

To put it simply, this principle is to assume that the current distance from the target is known, and then assume that the distance change and direction with the target are also obtained from the course speed of the enemy and our ships, and then assume that the distance change rate is unchanged in the calculation process, so that as long as the distance change value at any moment is added to the initial value of the current distance obtained by observation, the range at that moment can be calculated, and this calculation method can make the range constantly updated in the process of calculation, and can also predict the change of the projectile in the flight process.

In this way, the most basic range calculator can determine the distance change rate from the current distance value observed, multiply the distance change rate by the cumulative time, and the current distance value can be generated, of course, a clock should be connected to the range calculator to add the time factor.

The same can also be used for bearing, the observed relative bearing value is the starting point of the calculation, the bearing change rate (the degree of bearing change) multiplied by the cumulative time, and the final value can be used to correct the starting value of bearing.

This is the simplest mechanical range calculator that calculates the distance change rate, calculates the azimuth change rate, and generates the current distance.

The most important calculation device in fire control, this device calculates the rapid change of the relative motion of friend and foe, which includes two parts, one part is the period from the initial acquisition of measurement data to the calculation based on this data and the transmission of data to the artillery, and the artillery fires according to the command. The second part is the projectile flight time.

The impact of two opposing warships in these two periods of time would not have been able to hit the target without estimating and calculating them.

Once the range calculator was adopted, the later development naturally added an additional mechanism to adjust the change of wind, trajectory and standard muzzle velocity, and of course, three-dimensional calculations were added to the air target to generate the shooting elevation angle with the air range calculator.

It wasn't until World War I that the problem of ship roll and pitch that affected shooting accuracy was solved, and the second important invention used in naval fire control solving came from the spinning top that children played.

The earliest gyroscope equipment used on ships was the gyrocompass, which could always point to true north without being affected by magnetic fields, and the gyrocompass was important for fire control because it could establish a coordinate system based on true north to determine the relevant position between friend and foe movement and the earth.

A gyroscope is installed on the ship, and its axis is kept upright, so that a reference plane can be established corresponding to the horizontal plane, and after measuring the position of the ship relative to this reference plane, it can be entered into the computer as a continuously changing data.

Well, the elements that constitute a central fire control and aiming system are complete, and the distance and azimuth of the target, as well as the course speed of the target, as well as the lateral level and longitudinal level of the ship collected from the vertical stabilizer, and the course of the ship obtained through the gyrocompass, the speed of the ship of the odometry, etc., are input into the range calculator for calculation, and then the obtained data is transmitted to the gun operator to carry out the maneuver and pitch of the gun to accurately attack the target.

Of course, there was also the communication system for transmitting commands, and the rubber intercom tubes that had been extended from the control tower to the cabins were later replaced by metal tubes, but these were not ideal, and the first reliable system was the telephone, which was clear and easy to configure.

In addition to the vocal command system, the artillery system uses a large number of mechanical and electrical communication equipment between various departments, including mechanical hinges, bells, light signals, and systems for the simultaneous transmission of artillery commands and the indication of angles.

In the old warships, each gun was fired separately, and each gun squad had its own aiming device, and it was free fire from the time it was given the order to open fire to the time it was ordered to stop firing. When fire control and communication are improved, it is logical that a single fire controller will be in charge of the turret operation, and the fire control room can be judged or measured from the high position, and the aiming setting can be issued until the gun fire time, and it can be corrected by the impact point.

However, the fire control room found another problem, that is, the way each gun rushed up made it impossible to carefully correct the impact point, and then the bell for each gun position to give the firing order, but after hearing the bell, the guns still rose one after another, and finally the fire control room played a scoundrel, and ruthlessly connected the firing lines of all the guns, and pressed the general button to fire all the guns.

Later, the fire control room was too lazy to give verbal orders to send out all kinds of data, a new instrument called the commander was installed, at the beginning this thing played the role of "leading gun", which was equipped with two sights, one tube advance angle, one tube aimed at the target, the action of these two sights was transmitted to each gun position by means of instrument data, and each gun position copied the action of the sight according to the instrument reading, and then handed over to the automatic control equipment to complete. After that, there is the modern central fire control system equipped with radar and electronic computers, which was basically the same before the end of World War II, and then improved during the war, but not much. I don't know how I can't upload it at home, so I have to upload it to the store early.