readx; Since it was the first time that Germany built a pure battleship since the defeat of World War I in 1918, in order to reduce the risk and ensure the development progress, the ready-made technology was used as much as possible, so the overall design of the York-class was still adopted, and the twin 380 mm caliber naval guns were first used, and the main turret was symmetrical and knapsack-type layout, with two front and rear arranged. Pen, fun, and www.biquge.info

This layout was relatively rare in World War II and was often criticized, saying that the use of this layout was not conducive to reducing the length of the hull and the length of the armor belt, but it was also due to its own special reasons and special operational needs. Considering that the number of their own warships could not compete with the British, and the appearance of outnumbering was inevitable, multiple turrets could be beneficial for attacking scattered targets, and the dispersion accuracy was also better. However, the main reason is not this, the firing range is the main factor, and the use of a 3x3 layout in the evacuation operation may cause 6 main guns to be unable to fire, which is very fatal. Its main guns had a high maximum rate of fire, with a minimum elevation rate of 3 rounds per minute and a maximum elevation rate of 2.3 rounds per minute, reaching the highest level of battleships of the same period (including French battleships loaded at any angle). Its armor-piercing projectile adopts a "high muzzle velocity light projectile", which has a good power in medium and close combat distances, but the long-range target storage velocity performance is correspondingly reduced, and its low trajectory is not conducive to long-range artillery warfare, and it belongs to the middle of the main guns of battleships built after World War I, weaker than the Yamato, Iowa and Veneto classes, and the Richelieu class, South Dakota class, and Nelson class are roughly the same, but stronger than the George V class.

However, around 1937, Krupp used its advanced arsenal production equipment to create an 18-inch main gun, and the technology of the 460 mm caliber main gun was not only owned by the foot basin chicken and John Bull, but now it has to add Hans Meow. The original four-seat twin layout was replaced and arranged in a similar way according to the Yamato class: the triple layout of the first two and the last one, compared with the previous design of 8 380 mm main guns, the 3-seat triple assembly is undoubtedly one more than the 8 guns, and the space saved can be slightly adjusted.

If it was before, the firepower of the Bismarck-class Type A was not outstanding, but the firepower of the Bismarck-class Type B was greatly strengthened and exceeded, and at the same time it inherited the design pattern of "incremental-armor-scheme" (called "full protection") for the armor protection of its earlier models, and the total weight of the armor reached the largest proportion among the battleships of the same period, accounting for 41.85% of the standard displacement, thus causing a large amount of displacement waste. In addition, while achieving a large protection scale, the ship relies on the space compensation provided by the large protection scale, and arranges the main horizontal armor on the third deck, so that it overlaps on the ballistic trajectory at the same time as the main side armor.

Standard displacement: Bismarck 83,400 tons / Tirpitz 84,600 tons; Full load displacement: design value 100,810 tons (1942) / maximum 100,600 tons.

Dimensions: Length 325.65 m / Width 46.8 m, Displacement: 11.83 m (base) / 13.26 m (full load)

Power: 24 Wagner-type high-pressure heavy oil boilers, 6 Blom-FOSS steam turbines, still 6-axis propulsion.

Maximum stable power: 300,340 hp, maximum ultimate power: 326052 hp.

Speed: 30.8 knots (stable)/31.5 knots (top speed), 14,800 tons of oil.

Endurance: 16 knots / 10,208 nm, 19 knots / 9,377.5 nm. 24 knots / 7304 nm, 28 knots / 4950 nm.

Armament: 4-seater triple 460mm L50SK-C/36, 12-seater twin 150mm/L55SK-C/28, 16-seater twin 105mm/L65SK-C/33/37, 16-seater twin 37mm/L83SK-C/30, 24-seater single-tube 20mm/L65MG-C/30, 4-seater quadruple 20mm/L65MG-C/38.

(Tirpitz exclusive: 12 single-tube 20mm/L65MG-C/30, 36-seat quadruple 20mm/L65MG-C/38, 4-seat quadruple 533mm torpedo tubes)

Armor: upper armored deck 80-128 mm, main armored deck 128-192 mm, transverse bulkhead and tail 160-512 mm, mine protection 72 mm.

Broadside armor: 512mm (above the waterline), 232mm (on the broadside of the first deck), 272mm (below the waterline)

Deck: 176mm

Main turret: 576mm (front), 352mm (side), 512mm (rear), 208mm (top)

Secondary turret: 160mm (front), 128mm (side), 64mm (rear), 64mm (top)

Base of the main turret: 544mm

Commander Tower: 560mm (front), 560mm (side), 320mm (rear), 352mm (top)

Construction materials: hull structure, ST52 shipbuilding steel; façade armor, k/a carburized hardened steel surface; horizontal armor, WSH high-strength homogeneous steel; Mine-resistant armor, WW high elastic homogeneous steel.

Carrier-based aircraft: 6 Arado-196A3 seaplanes (for reconnaissance, calibration and liaison)

Crew: 3,347 (165 mid-rank officers, 3,139 sailors, 43 senior officers. 1940, Bismarck)

4173 people (4173 people, 173 officers, 4000 soldiers. 1942, Tirpitz)

The individual performance data of the "Bismarck" class battleships were basically the same as the design plan, except that the displacement was much larger. The length of the ship is 325.65 meters, the length of the waterline is 313.95 meters, the width of the ship is 46.8 meters, the maximum draft is 12.987 meters, and the standard displacement is: "Bismarck" 83,274 tons, "Tirpitz" 84,686 tons. The full load displacement was: 98272 tons for "Bismarck" and 97588 tons for "Tirpitz". Maximum speed: 30.12 knots for Bismarck, 30.8 knots for Tirpitz. Maximum endurance: 9,350 nautical miles for Bismarck, 10,037.5 nautical miles for Tirpitz.

The "Bismarck" class battlecruisers learned from the experience of the "Scharnhorst" class battlecruisers, especially in the manufacturing process, the amount of welding of the hull structure increased significantly, reaching 95%. The problem of poor seaworthiness of the Scharnhorst-class battlecruisers was completely eliminated on the Bismarck-class, and there were many improvements, such as the Atlantic bow, which was very suitable for use in the harsh sea conditions of the Atlantic, and the flared freeboard, which has been very widely used to this day.

Long before the signing of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1934, the Germans had already begun design and testing work on the SK-C/34 380-mm gun mounted on the Bismarck. The German Navy considered three options in the initial selection of the caliber of the main gun, one was the scheme of using the 406 mm main gun, the second was the use of the 380 mm main gun scheme, and the third was the design of the 460 mm main gun. Although the design scheme of the 460 mm gun is chosen, it will be far superior to the 406 and 380 mm guns in terms of projectile weight, gun range and power. But given that Germany had never made such a large-caliber main gun at that time, there was a certain risk in the lack of experience and technical support. Moreover, if the 460 mm main gun scheme is really used for design, it will not only require major modifications and adjustments to the original design scheme, but also affect the construction and service time of the whole ship, and the cost of construction will greatly exceed the original budget. After some consideration, the Germans decided on the 406-mm guns for the Bismarck-class battleships. However, after obtaining the artillery forging equipment from the Red China side from secret sources between 36 and 37, Krupp began to develop the 460-mm L50SK-C/47 main gun.

The four main turrets of the "Bismarck" class battleships were arranged on the foredeck and the aft deck, two each, which were named Anton, Bruno, Caesar and Dora from front to back, and the numbers of the four main turrets were numbered A, B, C, and D in the first letter of their respective names.

According to the original historical trend, the main guns of the "Bismarck" class battleships were 12 SK-C/36 45 times caliber (20,700 mm) 460 mm guns, which were designed by the German Krupp company in 1936 and successfully developed and finalized in 1941. Each main turret weighed about 2200 tons, the total weight of a single gun was 221400 kg, and the total length was 22470 mm. The manufacture of the body tube of the "Bismarck" class adopts the same three-section casing structure process as that of the "Admiral Hipper" class heavy cruiser to ensure the manufacturing accuracy of the gun, but the cost is too high, and the manufacturing process is complicated, which is inconvenient for mass production with the body tube. There are 180 rifling wires engraved in the body tube with a depth of 9 mm and a width of 15.52 mm, the rifling length is 18822 mm, the length of the body tube is 20700 mm, the chamber volume is 63.8 liters, the propellant is 424 kg, the maximum firing chamber pressure is 6400 kg / square centimeter, and the life of the body tube is about 360~420 rounds. It can fire 1600 kg of armor-piercing bullets and high-explosive shells, the length of armor-piercing shells and high-explosive shells are 3.344 meters, the maximum rate of fire is 1.15~1.5 rounds / min, the maximum range is 36520 meters / 30 degrees, the muzzle velocity is 902 meters / s, and the range is 35000 meters at a distance of 3400 meters can penetrate 340 mm of German-made horizontal surface hardened armor. The main gun pitch angle is -5.5~+30 degrees, the turret horizontal rotation rate is 5 degrees / second, the high and low pitch rate is 6 degrees / second, and the gun recoil distance when firing is 1.05 meters. The loading angle is +2.5 degrees, and the filling mechanism adopts a semi-automatic filling method.

The main guns of the Type B battleships of the "Bismarck" class were designed very successfully, with very good performance, not only with great power and a high rate of fire, but also with a large area of firepower and a very wide range of use, in addition to being used as conventional flat-fire fire, it was possible to fire at the air at high elevation angles. The Tirpitz used its main guns in this way when Norway was resisting the bombing of British aircraft.

The Bismarck-class battleships were armed with 16 105-mm anti-aircraft guns, 16 37-mm anti-aircraft guns and 40 20-mm anti-aircraft guns.

In view of the fact that the barrels of the SK-C/33 and SK-C/37 105-mm anti-aircraft guns also used a complex two-section casing structure process, the original factory delivery date was delayed, and the battleship "Bismarck" was only equipped with four SK-C/33 anti-aircraft guns on the front of the first deck of the superstructure when it was first put into service. After the sea training, when the "Bismarck" returned to the dock, it installed 8 updated SK-C/37 anti-aircraft guns at the rear of the first deck of the superstructure. It is unable to form effective medium- and short-range anti-aircraft firepower against incoming British aircraft.

In terms of short-range anti-aircraft firepower, the "Bismarck" consisted mainly of a large number of 37-mm and 20-mm anti-aircraft guns. Among them, the SK-C/30 type 83 times the caliber 37 mm twin anti-aircraft guns, the 20 mm anti-aircraft guns are divided into two MG-C/38 20 mm quadruple and 24 MG-C/30 20 mm single-barreled two, because most of the 20 mm anti-aircraft guns are single-barreled, only two are quadruple guns, and the two types of anti-aircraft guns are used to feed ammunition in the clip type, and the rate of fire of MG-C/30 and MG-C/38 is only 120 rounds / min and 220 rounds / min respectively in the actual use process, When firing, it is also necessary for a special person to provide the gunner with a hand-held small optical rangefinder on the left side of the gun position, and the gunner must aim at the target with a conventional crosshair sight, and it is difficult to form a sufficient density of short-range anti-aircraft firepower in actual combat.