On the evening of April 30, the setting sun cast the last rays of its rays on the nine ships anchored in the open sea of Subic Bay, and the American sailors, who had spent the day in excitement and tension, gathered in twos and threes, whispering vulgar jokes to each other on the deck, lazily enjoying the last sunshine before the war.

In the midst of these lazy and relaxed sailors, there were two people who were out of place in their clothes, chatting with them about something, and constantly recording the sailors' remarks in a small notebook with a pen in their hands.

They were well-dressed, with tight blazers, light gray trousers, a pair of polished shiny leather shoes on their feet, and high black hats, and they looked so different from the sailors in sailor uniforms, they were another force in the Spanish-American War, American newspaper reporters, they were called Harden and McCachion.

There were three reporters who accompanied Commodore Dewey in the naval battle, and the most belligerent of them, Stickney, was now in the officer's room of the flagship in the officer's room for a night attack on Manila Bay.

If the cause of World War I was provoked by a group of diplomats, then the Spanish-American War was provoked by these uncrowned kings, newspaper journalists.

Dewey gave such high preferential treatment to a newspaper reporter at a time when the influence of the American newspaper industry had reached an unprecedented and sensational level.

In later generations, many in the United States regarded the war as "the war of the newspapers" or "the war of Hearst," because in their view, the Spanish-American War was a war caused by newspapers, "an unjust and unnecessary war, and its effect was to increase the circulation of a few incorruptible and shameless pornographic newspapers."

Although the representative of the yellow newspaper, Hearst's News, once had such an arrogant headline as "What do you think about the war in the News", this does not support this view, thus changing the nature of a war and obscuring the root causes of a war. Like any war in history, the Spanish-American War was an act of government, and it was a need for imperialist expansion in the United States at the end of the 19th century.

In 1898, the media did not have the power or power to make decisions, but it is undeniable that the media's involvement in the Spanish-American War was profound and powerful, and its role was unique in the history of world journalism.

At that time, the American press was in a period of change, and newspapers were transforming into modern newspapers. Yellow newspapers represented by Hearst's New York News and Pulitzer's Le Monde were all the rage, and a wave of yellow journalism swept across the United States.

It was these pornographic presses that became the most resolute advocates of military intervention. In order to incite the American people against Spain, the yellow press did everything they could.

At the end of the 19th century, the American press was still in a period of disorder and chaos, with strict industry rules, uneven practitioners, and weak news criticism. At this time, newspapers, especially pornographic newspapers, often exaggerated and exaggerated news facts in order to achieve a certain communication effect.

In order to boost the sales of their newspapers, the newspaper tycoons at that time raised the first banner of counterfeiting.

Exaggerating the facts. In order to prevent the Cuban peasants from secretly aiding the Cuban Revolutionary Army, the Spanish governor in Cuba imprisoned them in a concentration camp near the Spanish base, causing a large-scale civilian death from plague and starvation, and the actual death toll was about 110,000, but those American yellow newspapers and periodicals exaggerated the number to 400,000, causing dissatisfaction and indignation among the American people.

But after all, it was in Cuba, and it didn't have much to do with the people of the United States, and how everyone should live or how they should live after being fresh, and this news was quickly drowned in other news.

But the newspapers needed sensational stories to stir people's hearts, and the reporters threw up another banner and distorted the facts, most famously an illustration of a young girl with her bare back and her clothes stripped by two obsessed male Spanish officials. The news story caused a sensation when it was published, and the newspaper's circulation skyrocketed, but the real event was that the protagonist of the story was searched by a policewoman.

The reason why news is called news is that there are events first, and then they are discovered and then they are disseminated. But what if there is no news, newspapers need news, so these unscrupulous journalists and pioneers start planning news.

Before the United States officially intervened in the Cuban Revolution, there were two events that played a decisive role, one was Evan Helina? The Cisneros affair, one is Dupuy? Morality? The Lomé incident, and these two incidents were the result of careful planning and hype by the newspapers.

If you want to turn the public's attention to Cuba, a Spanish colony, and to satisfy the public's curiosity, you need news.

News can create zào, newspapers need news to attract the public, need news to attract attention and expand sales, so the Cuban revolutionary army fought a battle that was not actually achieved, and won an unprecedented victory, and even the fierce warriors of the Amazon River joined the cavalry of the revolutionary army, and they fought bravely to kill the enemy, which made the Spaniards fearful. Whatever the public needs, we create zào, all for sales.

There is no conclusive conclusion as to what happened to the Maine incident, but in that chaotic newspaper era, the Maine bombing incident was directly reported by the yellow newspapers as an action orchestrated by the Spanish government.

These news campaigns eventually succeeded in arousing the indignation of the people, who finally lost their minds, and the call for war was unprecedentedly high, and the Spanish-American War broke out.

During the Spanish-American War, about 500 journalists participated in the war, and these reporters not only covered the war, but also often participated in large and small battles, as if they were well-trained and brave fighters, which is why there were three journalists on Dewey's flagship, and why Stickney was able to become Dewey's assistant.

Note 1: Evan Helina? Cisneros Incident: A beautiful 17-year-old girl, Cisneros, is the niece of the president of the Cuban Revolutionary Government.

Cisneros was sentenced to 20 years in prison for seducing Belize, the commander of the Pines Islands, and then having three ****** who had been ambushed to assassinate him, while Cisneros claimed that Beliz was trying to rape her and that the three ****** had only come to her rescue.

While in prison, Cisneros was discovered by the News' reporters Oward and Bryson, who were also imprisoned, and the British journalist Marsh Gray.

Hearst was overjoyed to hear the news, and his "News" immediately devoted column 375 to the incident. "Note: A newspaper page is usually six columns"

The Sisneros incident caused a sensation in the United States, and almost all newspapers began to publish it, and for a time, Miss Sisneros became the focus of attention in the United States.

Hearst and his newspaper also mobilized American women to fight for the freedom of Sisneros. The famous American writer Julia and the wife of the chairman of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia even represented the women of the whole United States to the Queen Mary of Spain? Christina petitions.

On August 25, 1897, the newspaper had 1.5 ******** request for the release of Cisneros, including President McKinley's mother. Still, nothing happened, and the enthusiasm of the American people gradually cooled.

That's when The News broke the shocking news: Cisneros had escaped from prison! On October 14, The News reported: Cisneros arrived in New York. The successful escape of Sisneros was orchestrated precisely by Decker, the Havana correspondent of La News.

The rescue was legendary, and with the help of two colleagues, Decker rented a house in the alley opposite Sisneros's cell, where he set up a ladder in the middle, cut the latch of the door and rescued her, and Sisneros galloped away in a carriage that had been waiting for a long time.

The next day, disguised as a sailor, she boarded the steamship "Seneca" bound for New York, where Sisneros was given a grand reception in the United States, and after she arrived in Washington, President McKinley personally received her.

Dupuy? Morality? The protagonist of the Lomé affair was the Spanish ambassador to the United States, Dupuil? Morality? Lomé.

The Cuban Revolutionary Government stole one of his personal letters, which was full of disrespectful remarks about US President McKinley, calling him a stupid and low-caliber politician.

Hearst did not publish the letter immediately after receiving it in 1896, but patiently waited for the right moment. Finally, in February 1898, when relations between the United States and Spain were becoming increasingly tense and delicate, Hearst published the letter in its entirety in The News. This letter made the American people angry, Dupuy? Morality? Lomé was forced to resign, and tensions erupted between the United States and Spain. ）

Note 2, the pioneer of the Yellow SE newspaper was the United States, and at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the trend of thought that profit is a qiē flooded the United States, and sexuality, exaggerated and fabricated news became the magic weapon of the newspaper industry. The origin of the Yellow Newspaper is the product of direct competition between two newspaper groups, the American News and the Le Monde.

In the 90s of the 19th century, a "yellow child" dressed in yellow, toothless, and grinning suddenly became popular in the United States, and this "yellow child" was the protagonist of Pulitzer's comic strip "Hogan's Alley" serialized in the New York World. It wasn't long before Hearst's New York News poached the original cast of the New York World comic strip and published a cartoon of the Yellow Kid in the New York News.