Abbasid (?????????? ) was a dynasty of the Arab Empire and the second hereditary dynasty of the Arab Empire. In 750, it replaced the Umayyad dynasty and made Baghdad its capital until it was destroyed by the Mongol Hulegu invasion in 1258. The Abbasid royal family is a descendant of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. During the reign of this dynasty, the Islamic world reached its peak in the Middle Ages, reaching its peak during the reigns of Harun al-Rashid and Ma'mun. Ancient Chinese (old and new Tang books) historical books called it black clothes and big food.

From about 718 onwards, the descendants of Abbasid ibn Abd al-Muttalib (the Hashemite) set out to take control of the Arab Empire, and through clever propaganda and agitation, they gained the support of many people, especially the Arabs of Iraq, the Shiites of Islam, and the Persians of Khorasan, and united into an alliance led by the Hashemite. In an open rebellion from 746 onwards, Abu Abbas al-Safah, the leader of the Hashemite family, defeated the Umayyad dynasty at the Battle of the Dajie River (a tributary of the Tigris) in 750, and Caliph Marwan II was killed after fleeing to Egypt, and the rest of the dynasty were also killed.

In 750, Abu Abbasid al-Safah ascended the throne and became the first caliph of the Abbasid dynasty (reigned 750~754), with his capital in Kufa, calling himself Saffarah (meaning butcher) because he was determined to rule the empire with an iron fist. In 751, at Talas, he defeated the then powerful Tang Dynasty (China). When the second caliph al-Mansur (reigned 754~775) was in power, he built a new capital on the Tigris River, centered on Iraq, and moved the capital here in 762, and he also reduced the power of the Persians who relied on him to strengthen his rule. The first 80 years (750~833) after the establishment of the Abbasid Dynasty, especially the reign of Harun Rashid (reigned 786~809) and al-Ma'mun (reigned 813~833), was the heyday of the Arab Empire. In 800 A.D., the Abbasid rulers had 28.6 million inhabitants. The period of Harun Rashid and Mamun was the heyday of the empire with relatively stable politics and prosperous economy, trade and culture.

Based on the ruling experience of the Sassanid Dynasty of Persia (224~651), Harun Rashid improved the administrative system, strengthened the centralization of power, improved the judicial system, set up post stations, introduced a new tax system, developed agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and foreign trade, and the treasury was abundant, the economy was prosperous, and he attached great importance to the development of culture and art. When al-Ma'mun was in power, he reused the Persian aristocracy to control the military and political power, ease tensions with the Shiites, build water and roads, reduce land taxes, reward scholarship, develop Islamic culture, and support the religious and philosophical views of the Mu'tazirais. In 830, the "Palace of Wisdom", a comprehensive academic institution, was created in Baghdad and the translation of foreign texts was strongly promoted. For the first time, the Islamic world was able to come into close contact with the scientific and philosophical ideas of the time. In the face of the political opposition, he continued to insist on repressive measures by force. Ma'mum's policies were adopted by his successors. This period of reign is known as the "Golden Age".

After Ma'mun's death, the Abbasid regime began to corrupt, and his successor Mutassin (833~842) began to appoint Turkic slaves as guards, which were unpopular in Baghdad, forcing Mutassin to move his capital to Samara, 160 km upstream of the Tigris. Samara was the capital for 56 years and has had eight caliphs. At the same time, after the middle of the 9th century, the Turks gradually gained power. The Turkic generals seized military power and arbitrarily deposed and even killed the caliphs. The caliphate completely became a puppet in their hands. Founded in 934 by the Draim from the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, the Abbasid caliphate became a puppet of the Abbasid dynasty after finally conquering Mesopotamia and Baghdad in 945. By the middle of the 10th century, the only area under the direct control of the dynasty was Baghdad and a small area around it. In 945, the Bouweihi dynasty came to Baghdad and forced the caliph to confer on him the title of "supreme commander", stripping the caliph of political power and retaining only his religious leadership. In 1055, the Seljuk Turkmans led their armies to capture Baghdad, forcing the caliph to confer the title of "sultan" and give orders, with the caliph under its full control. In addition, the 8 Crusades (1096~1291) had a great impact on the regime of the dynasty.

Of the last Abbasid caliphs, only the 34th caliph Nasser (r. 1180~1225) held power commensurate with his status, but it was only temporary, and the empire continued to decline. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongol Empire in the East was rising, and Genghis Khan developed steadily through aggression and expansion. In 1258, Genghis Khan's grandson Hulegu led an army to invade the Abbasid Dynasty and besieged Baghdad, the last caliph Mustaisim (reigned 1242~1258) was killed, Mustaim surrendered, and was trampled to death by the Mongols wrapped in a carpet for horses, the Abbasids perished, the Ilkhanate occupied most of Persia, and most members of the dynasty were also executed.

When the Abbasids were founded, they controlled the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia. During his reign, Mansur expanded his territory with his martial arts and annexed Egypt, the Caucasus, Persia, Central Asia and other places. At its peak, the Abbasids stretched from Morocco in the west to India in the east; Stretching from the Caucasus and Turkey in the north to the Arabian Peninsula in the south, it covered an area of more than 10 million square kilometers and was one of the largest countries in the world at that time.

In the latter part of the Abbasid Empire, the dynasty controlled less than one-third of the territory it had at its peak, and only controlled the region of Central and Western Asia from the two river basins to the Indian border.