Now there are two well-known controversies about Zhuge Liang's reign in Shu Han, one is whether Zhuge Liang suppressed Shu Han talents, resulting in no one in Shu Han after his death; The other is not because Zhuge Liang's several northern expeditions greatly damaged the national strength, which eventually led to the destruction of Shu. Pen "Fun" Pavilion www.biquge.info

Historically, Zhuge Liang himself was very important about government affairs, so many people believe that because of this, the political ability of the later lord Liu Chan was not tempered, which led to his eventual degeneration.

[No matter how big or small]

Zhuge Liang, as the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty, held great power alone, he once streamlined his official positions, revised the legal system, and also sent the following proclamation to hundreds of officials: "The so-called participation in the government affairs and acting government affairs is to gather the minds of all people and adopt opinions that are beneficial to the country. If we are estranged from each other because of some small differences, we will not be able to disagree, and our business will suffer. Listening to different opinions and coming to the right conclusion is like throwing away broken straw sandals and getting pearls. However, it is difficult for people to do this, and only Xu Shu is not confused when listening to various opinions. There is also Dong He, who has participated in the administration of the DPRK and acted in government affairs for seven years, and if there is any inadequacy in a certain measure, he has repeatedly solicited opinions ten times and reported to me. If I can do one-tenth of Xu Shu's ability, be as diligent, conscientious, and loyal as Dong He, I can reduce my mistakes. ”

He also said: "In the past, I befriended Cui Zhouping, and he pointed out my strengths and weaknesses many times; Later, I befriended Xu Shu and got a lot of inspiration and teachings; When discussing things with Dong He before, he was able to know everything and say everything every time; Later, I worked with Hu Weidu, and his many exhortations allowed me to avoid many mistakes. Although I am ignorant and shallow-minded by nature, and I cannot absorb all the lessons they have taught me, I have always been very good with these four people, which also shows that I have no doubt about my outspokenness. ”

According to the record of "Xiangyang Ji", Zhuge Liang once personally proofread the official documents, and the chief bookkeeper Yang Hao (Yang Yi Tongzong) went straight in to persuade him: "There is a system for governing the country, and the work done by superiors and subordinates cannot be confused. Allow me to use the analogy of the ruler of the house: Now there is a man who commands his servants to plough the fields, and his maidservants to cook food, and the rooster knows, and the dog eats the thief, and the oxen pull the cart, and the horse to walk; Nothing is left to do at home, everything you ask for can be satisfied, you can sit back and relax, just eat and drink. Suddenly one day he had to do everything himself, without slaves, chickens, dogs, cows, horses, and horses, and he exhausted his body, and got bogged down in trivial affairs, and became exhausted and depressed, but he achieved nothing. Is his talent inferior to that of slaves and maids and chickens and dogs? No, but because he forgot his duty as the head of the family. That's why the ancients said, 'The one who sits down and discusses the matter and makes the decision is the prince; Those who carry out orders and do things themselves are called scholars.' Therefore, Bingji did not ask about the murder on the road, but he was worried that the ploughing cattle would be wheezing because of the heat; Chen Ping did not understand the state's money and grain income, but said, 'These people who are specifically responsible for themselves know', and they all really understand the truth of performing their own duties. Now you manage the national government affairs, but you personally proofread official documents, sweating all day long, isn't it too tired? Zhuge Liang expressed his deep gratitude.

In "Wei's Spring and Autumn Period", the envoy of Shu Han also said: "Zhuge Gong dreams of sleeping at night, and the penalty is more than 20, and he is all in person; No more than a few litres of food can be eaten. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" even made it clear: "No matter how big or small political affairs are, salt is determined by brightness." ”

But none of this means that Zhuge Liang can do everything, in the end, he is a person, and there are limits to what he can do. And although Liu Chan has been in Chengdu, Zhuge Liang has not been in Chengdu for a long time.

Historically, the political center of Shu Han was undoubtedly in Chengdu, and this point did not shift with the transfer of Zhuge Liang, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne and Zhuge Liang came to power in the first year of Jianxing (223), and Zhuge Liang died in the twelfth year of Jianxing (235). Among them, Zhuge Liang launched the Southern Expedition in the third year of Jianxing (225), and in the fifth year of Jianxing (227), he went north to Hanzhong to prepare for the Northern Expedition, and basically stayed on the front line until his death, that is, although Zhuge Liang was nominally in power for 12 years, he actually stayed in Chengdu for a few years, so Liu Chan had a lot of time to participate in the government, not to mention that Zhuge Liang himself did not prevent Liu Chan from participating in it, so Liu Chan's political development was not hindered by Zhuge Liang.

【Talent Disputes】

After the death of Zhuge Liang, there was a gradual spread in later generations that "there is no general in Shu, and Liao has become a pioneer", which is also more consistent with the real history.

Now some people say that this is related to Zhuge Liang's suppression of Shudi talents, but this statement is not in line with reality. Zhuge Liang suppressed Li Yan, Liao Li and others in history, the reason is all from themselves, not Zhuge Liang took the initiative to suppress them, it is not right to say that Zhuge Liang has monopoly power, and others have no room to play, you must know that Yang Yi is the long history around Zhuge Liang, Yang Yi himself has a bad personality and loves to offend people, but he can be used by Zhuge Liang, because he can help Zhuge Liang deal with many things, which shows that Zhuge Liang cannot do everything alone.

Moreover, most of the major political and military figures in the late Shu Han period were promoted by Zhuge Liang, such as Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, as well as Jiang Wei and Wang Ping, all of whom began to emerge during the Zhuge Liang period and were left to Liu Chan by him. In the official history, Zhuge Liang actually cultivated a group of talents for Liu Chan, and the gradual shortage of talents in Shu Han began after Liu Bei's death, and it became more obvious after Zhuge Liang's death.

Zhuge Liang's suppression of Shu Han talents is just a brain supplement idea, the real history is that after Liu Bei's generation of talent fault, most of the talents of Shu Han were born during the Zhuge Liang period, and after Zhuge Liang's death, Shu Han talents began to fault again.

[Yizhou does not produce many talents]

During the Three Kingdoms period, there were not many talents in Yizhou, including Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Pang Tong, and Fa Zheng in the Liu Bei period, and Wei Yan, Yang Yi, Jiang Wan and others in the Zhuge Liang period were not from Yizhou.

Like the representative of Yizhou's native origin, most people now think that it is Zhang Ren, but in the official history Zhang Ren is not as good as Ma Zhong, Zhang Ren was killed because of defeat, in fact, there is no outstanding record and merit, so the representative of the Yizhou local faction actually wants to say Zhao Wei, Zhao Wei was born in Yizhou Brazil County, is the second person under Liu Yan and Liu Zhang, pacified the rebellion of Gan Ning and others, deterred Liu Biao in Jingzhou, has enough records and qualifications, much stronger than Zhang Ren, but the failure of the rebellion and being killed, it is not very good.

Throughout the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, in the periods of Liu Yan, Liu Zhang, Liu Bei and Liu Chan, Yizhou did not have too many talents.

Moreover, in the whole of ancient Chinese history, Shu was not very talented, especially in the political and military fields (Note 1).

Note 1: I personally know that this is a bit hurtful, but the number of literary scholars in the history of Shu is not small, and there are really few political and military scholars, and the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty is not an exception.