On October 1, 1951, at the invitation of the Supreme Governor and the Prime Minister, Deng Feng led a group of more than 100 people from the base to participate in the celebration of the second anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the past year. These outstanding representatives who came to the base included combat heroes who led the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, liberate Taiwan, and recover the smoke of gunfire in the Ryukyus; There are representatives of the "base ordnance group" who have made great contributions to the construction of the national defense industry, there are also advanced collectives of the "base iron and steel group" that have worked selflessly for the take-off of China's metallurgical industry, and there are also comrades of the "base oil group" who threw China's oil-poor hat into the Pacific Ocean. But what attracted much attention from the base was the comrades-in-arms of the "Base Semiconductor Research Institute". They produced the first "Blue Sky" brand 9-tube superheterodyne amplitude modulation FM transistor radio of this era. This time, I brought 100 units to Beijing as a generous gift from the base to the second anniversary of the National Day.

In December 1947, one of the world's major new inventions was the transistor. The invention of the transistor. From the very beginning, it was realized that this little elf was going to change the radio forever. But it took four years for this awareness to become a reality. The base semiconductor research institute produced the first "blue sky" brand of this era, 9 superheterodyne amplitude modulation FM transistor radios, which was three years earlier than October 18, 1954, when the first Germanium transistor radio was only 4 in the United States, and the first portable transistor radio was launched in 1957. It's 7 years early. More importantly, it marks that China has taken the lead in the field of microelectronics and has seized the commanding heights of science and technology for China in the next few decades. In particular, after the power of transistors in the fields of military technology and aerospace became apparent, countries around the world launched fierce competition in order to compete for a dominant position in the field of electronics. In order to realize the miniaturization of electronic equipment, people have given huge financial support to the electronics industry at any cost. The base semiconductor research institute not only saves China a lot of money and research time, but also achieves an absolute advantage in this cutting-edge field for China in one fell swoop. What is of greater practical significance and far-reaching historical significance is that the economic lever of intellectual property rights in this field can limit the speed and direction of development of countries in this field. It is easy to obtain huge development funds for China's development.

How important the transistor was in that era is not difficult to see from the fact that Shawklai, Bardeen, and Bratton both won the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their invention of the transistor. For more than a decade from the early 50s to 1960, the world's major industrial countries invested huge sums of money in research, development, and production of transistors and semiconductor devices. There have been countless failures and countless sums of money. In order to overcome the technical difficulty of transistors failing at temperatures exceeding 75 degrees Celsius, the United States has invested tens of millions of dollars.

The Chinese are coming! Messrs. Shawkle, Bardeen, and Bratton are sorry. The Nobel Prize in Physics also has a new owner.

From the base to this era, all the team members of the base have realized the importance of semiconductors. In order to catch up with and surpass the developed countries in the world, stand at the highest end of the world's economic development, and realize the key to China's rapid development, we must start directly from the most cutting-edge fields today, and we must develop the microelectronics industry. Therefore, the development and production of semiconductors are listed as the top priority. Deng Feng personally took charge, focusing on the production of polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon. In November 1950, that is, the base had just crossed into this era, and the base was the first to set up the "Base Semiconductor Research Institute", because without the support of the semiconductor industry and technology, there would be no controllable weapons, and it would be impossible to have advanced radar and communication systems. There will be no modernization and informatization. This is unbearable for people who have come to the information age in groups, and they have lost their due advantages.

During the most tense war to resist US aggression and aid Korea, the base overcame numerous difficulties and dispatched more than 200 elite soldiers and strong generals to the front line of the entire base, and set up many "professional groups" to directly organize R&D and production in various fields, going deep into factories and down to the grassroots level, in order to establish China's basic industry and advanced information industry. Among them, 28 professionals in the microelectronics field of the base were concentrated, and under the leadership of a circuit design engineer of the doctoral station, they were stationed in the smelter of the "Fengtian Metallurgical Society" in the pseudo-period in Tiexi, Shenyang, and began to produce polysilicon and monocrystalline silicon. With the full support of the central and local governments, they dismantled the air filtration system in the sterile operating room of the base hospital and used it to build a thousand-class, a 10,000-level and a 100,000-level turbulent clean workshop for chip processing and production. Although everyone has a good understanding of the processing and production technology of chips. But it is indeed not easy to really produce and manufacture it, because the production and manufacturing of chips requires a large number of proprietary equipment. For example, test equipment, circuit etching equipment, that is, the manufacturing of proprietary equipment for the process of photoetching is very complicated, and the process of photoetching in the chip manufacturing process itself is a very complex step, why do you say so? Photoetching is the process of using a certain wavelength of light to carve the corresponding nick in the photosensitive layer, thereby changing the chemical characteristics of the material. This technology is extremely demanding on the wavelength of the light used, requiring the use of short-wavelength ultraviolet light and lenses with large curvature. The etching process can also be affected by smudges on the wafer. Each step of etching is a complex and delicate process. The amount of data required for each step of the design process can be measured in units of 10 GB, and the etching steps required to manufacture each processor are more than 20 steps, with one layer of etching at each step. And if the drawings of each layer of etching are magnified many times, they can be compared with the map of the entire New York City and suburbs, and even more complicated, just imagine how complex the structure of this chip is if the entire map of New York is reduced to a chip with an actual area size of only 100 square millimeters. And to make such production equipment, it is indeed not something that can be done in a year and a half. Without chickens, you can't lay eggs. Therefore, the base has gathered some mechanical, optical, and electronic professionals, and set up a research team for chip production equipment to undertake the research and development and production tasks of plasma etching machines, and study the problem of how to make "chickens" first.

The base semiconductor research institute, while researching and producing chips, they first produce transistors based on the principle of first easy and then difficult. The production of transistors is much simpler than the production of chips. They know that now they can make transistors in this era is absolutely ahead.

A transistor, also known as a semiconductor triode, is a semiconductor device that contains two PN junctions inside and three lead-out electrodes on the outside. Its low cost, flexible surname and reliable surname are good, making it a universal device for non-mechanical tasks, in terms of digital computing and control of electrical and mechanical equipment, transistor circuits can completely replace electrical equipment, and it is cheaper and more efficient, using electronic control to replace an equivalent mechanical control will be concise, more convenient and more reliable.

In the early 50s, the world was still in the era of electron tubes, and the major developed countries in the transistor world were still in the research and exploration stage. Compared to electron tubes, transistors have many advantages: the building blocks of the transistor are not consumed. The life of a transistor is generally 500 to 1000 times longer than that of an electron tube, and the transistor consumes very little electrical energy, only a few tenths of the electron tube, and the transistor does not need to be warmed up, and works as soon as it is turned on. Tube devices can't fail to do this anyway. Obviously, in many aspects such as military, measurement, etc., transistors are very advantageous; Transistors are robust and reliable, 100 times more reliable than electron tubes, and are resistant to shock and vibration, which are incomparable to electron tubes. In addition, transistors are only one-tenth to one-hundredth of the volume of electron tubes, and have very little heat release, which can be used to design smaller, complex, and more reliable circuits. Although the transistor manufacturing process is precise, the process is simple, which helps to increase the mounting density of components. Now the transistor can be widely used in industrial and agricultural production, national defense construction, and people's daily life. It's bigger than the chip. After more than 9 months of hard work, they have successfully produced a variety of metal packages, plastic packages, glass shell packages and ceramic package transistors according to the different use environment and use of transistors.

After 8 months of round-the-clock work, with the strong help of the base repair shop, the surface mount and printed circuit board equipment and optical testing equipment were produced, and the upstream enterprises of copper berth, fiber cloth, and substrates were found to help these enterprises innovate and transform the original equipment. Establish a "blue sky" printing board production plant that can produce all kinds of single-sided, double-sided and multi-layer boards, ordinary circuit boards and soft circuit boards according to needs. It has made great contributions to China becoming the world's most important printed circuit board manufacturing base in the coming decades. They began to design and produce missiles, radars, tanks, automobiles, radios, as well as radios, VCRs, and television sets in accordance with the current production process capabilities and technical level of printed board production.

In Shenyang, the base semiconductor research institute in Shenbei, Shenyang has established many scientific research institutes of various ministries and commissions of the central government, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and various branches of the People's Liberation Army. Many cutting-edge scientific and technological projects from all walks of life have been transferred to this area, which has made this area develop unprecedentedly, and gradually become an accumulation area with microelectronics research and production as the center and research institutes in various fields. It is home to China's top scientific and technological talents, and has established the world's earliest "Silicon Valley". This represents the most advanced blue sky science and technology city of this era. It has become the engine that drives the take-off of science and technology in China, and this heavily guarded mysterious area with a radius of 30 square kilometers has become the most desirable holy place for scientists in the world.

In order to be able to train more scientific and technological personnel, Deng Feng, on behalf of the party committee of the base, put forward to the central government "Several Opinions on Strengthening Education and Research in the Field of Natural Sciences and Maintaining China's Rapid and Sustainable Development". The supreme leader gave an important comment on this: This opinion is very good! We should strive to change China's backward economic, scientific, and technological situation, rapidly reach the world's advanced level, and maintain this advanced level. We must train a sufficient number of outstanding scientific and technological experts.

It was decided to establish a university three kilometers west of the Blue Sky Science City, China Blue Sky University of Science and Technology, which gathered the best students in the country and absorbed excellent teachers from all over the country. Experts in various aspects of the base are visiting professors at this university. Students and faculty are taught state-of-the-art expertise in various fields, and the site's experts have become the university's most sought-after visiting professors and graduate supervisors. Schools, research institutes and production units are organically combined, so that the limited human resources and information resources have been maximized.

Deng Feng, the commander of the base and the honorary president of China Blue Sky University of Science and Technology, pointed out at the faculty meeting of China Blue Sky University of Science and Technology at the beginning of the semester: Blue Sky University of Science and Technology is a place to train the most cutting-edge scientific and technological personnel for China, do not take students' scores too seriously, and focus on the cultivation of students' ability to analyze and solve problems, and do not cultivate those high-scoring and low-energy waste. Human production is the most basic practical activity, and it is what determines all other activities. All knowledge cannot be obtained without productive activities. Therefore, both teachers and students must participate in scientific research and production activities. Then he pointed out some shortcomings of education in later generations: "Everyone must continue to learn and constantly improve our own abilities. We are teachers, just have the ability, don't pretend to scare people. wrote a large thick book, full of nonsense, so as to make a mystery, and complicate the obviously simple problem; Anything that can be explained in Chinese must be said in a foreign language. It is useless to increase the burden on students. In addition, don't use exam methods to deal with students, surprise attacks on students, deviate from questions, and come up with weird questions, showing that you have a level and have great knowledge. The final exam score can only account for 50% of the student's merits, and the usual homework and the opinion of whether there is reading ability in participating in scientific research and production papers account for 50%. Teaching activities should be lively, not too rigid. ”

(To be continued)