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Chapter 278

The power of the Three Revolutions

The use of new technologies can greatly increase productivity and greatly dilute the equity of partners. These new technologies are converted into intangible assets and joined the joint ventures not only greatly improving the voice of the public, but also greatly concentrating the economic power in the society. In the first generation, through the release of fish and the commercial revolution, the traversal expanded their influence and tentacles in a geometric progression, established a global network, and made the cake bigger through industrialization, greatly increasing the national strength of the empire and the people's living standards, and finally eliminated it through the technological explosion, concentrating power and resources in the hands of a few of the closest core consortia. The ultimate goal is obvious, which is to concentrate resources on the Great Leap Forward, to lead humanity into the interstellar age, at least to lead the empire into the interstellar age, and to realize the dreams that the rulers of the old time and space have not realized.

Looking back, consider that in addition to the partners and competitors of the early commercial revolution, there were far outnumbered the apathetic, unresponsive, conservative bureaucratic landlords and family gatekeepers who were now at peace.

The transformation of the social hierarchy brought about by the emancipation of the productive forces, under the influence of the invisible hand, is enough to destroy any ultra-conservative who is unwilling to make changes. If a landlord does not reduce the rent, he will enclose the land for free when he goes to sea. Tenant farmers who are attracted by preferential loans to buy overseas land can also enjoy tax breaks and discounts on seeds, fertilizers, and agricultural machinery, and who will lease your high-priced land? If no one rents the land, the rent must be reduced, and if the rent is not reduced, the big landlord will have to abandon most of the land in the property, which is just as impossible as the owner of a commercial office building preferring to leave the building empty because he refuses to reduce the rent. Ground rent must be lowered. It is also necessary to drop a big down, there are many people and little land in Fujian, the land rent was once as high as 7 percent, Dongyi Island was developed a year after it was reduced to 6 percent, after the development of Nanyang tide it dropped to 4 percent, after the founding of the People's Republic of China opened up the profiteering plantation and cash crop technology threshold was once reduced to 2 percent, the endless land of Chizhou was opened. The land rent, which had been reduced to 10 percent, could not fall, and the Fujian landlords, who had lost all their money, almost collapsed. (The yield of high-grade high-yield fertile land with two crops a year bought by 5 guan is about 3 stone, and it can be repaid in 3 to 4 years when the land rent is 5 percent.) It will take 20 years to return to the cost of 10 percent, and the price of agricultural products, whose output has skyrocketed after the use of improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, has naturally plummeted, and the demand for food in Fujian has also fallen as population density continues to decline with net emigration. The rate at which prices have fallen far outweighed the benefits of higher production. The most exaggerated areas of high prices will take 50 to 70 years to pay for themselves. Such a long return on investment cycle is no different from taking money to waste, even if the annual price does not rise a penny, it is only equivalent to 1.42% to 2% of the annualized rate of return on investment, in front of the average social rate of profit of 20% is simply a loss vomiting blood, the opportunity cost is high simply unable to extricate itself. ）

In the 10th year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the landlords who collected rents in kind went bankrupt in the market tide of plummeting prices, and the old self-sufficient small-scale peasant economic model of grain cultivation collapsed and was replaced by capitalist agriculture with a very high rate of commodification in the market economy. Under the input and management of the agricultural capitalists who bought the estates of the landlords of these bankrupt old forces, these converted to tea and sugar, fruits and other cash crops. Soon it turned around and became a cash cow.

Forced to sell off the old landlords who were forced to reduce their losses, the price of land that did not have the infrastructure for capitalist agricultural transformation soon plummeted. This sell-off was particularly pronounced in the many populated and landless towns of the empire itself. In the empire, land was the primary means of production. Soon it became plentiful and cheap, and the land near the cities with better locations was even the 'bronze sea' (sea of copper coins) that provided the city with vegetables and fruits. It means an inexhaustible source of wealth.

surname

Pottery grain

"Qing Yilu. The Sea of Bronze: "

There is an old man who grows vegetables in Bianliang

, one person sells vegetables to feed thirty people. He was critically ill, and he called his descendants to say: 'Ten acres of land in this soil is the bronze sea. The price has also plummeted with the spread of a large-scale vegetable and fruit base and modern logistics. Even in the urban-rural area, the price of land has been sluggish due to the urbanization of small and medium-sized cities and rural areas.

From the perspective of expanding orders, the Crossing Public also actively supports the urbanization of small settlements and the construction of satellite cities, which are more extravagant and wasteful. The bureaucratic landlords who left behind their ancestors' insatiable greed for arable land are almost bankrupt, and no matter how much land they buy or when they buy it, the price has been falling.

For 30 years in a row, the empire itself has been a net outflow of immigrants.

Not only the supply and demand of labor, land, capital, and means of production have undergone earth-shaking changes, but so have the means of subsistence. According to the calculation of purchasing power parity, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, all commodities except labor force have been declining, the prices of food, beverages and textiles have fallen the most, the price of basic grain has fallen to half of the time when the founding of the People's Republic of China, ordinary linen and linen have fallen to the extent that they have been reduced to packaging and textile bags, no Chinese people still wear linen clothes, the expensive velvet products and fine woolen woolen products that can be exchanged for the same weight of silver in the pre-Song Dynasty have fallen to the price of cabbage, and the price of cotton cloth and silk fabrics has fallen to replace linen cloth as the mainstream clothing material. Spices, which are more valuable than gold in Europe, have fallen to the price of copper plates (the real price of copper plates, the same as the price of copper), and the production capacity of all kinds of precious and rare goods that were profitable in the past has expanded by tens or hundreds of times after the investment of technology and manpower. The population has only increased by five or six times, and what is it if the price has fallen by half or even 90%? The mood and profits of the capitalists have become better with the production capacity from the small-scale classical era to the global vision and super-large-scale collectivization, specialization, centralization, and industrialization. Profit margins have increased even more dramatically, with previously taking three or four years to travel back and forth between the Spice Islands and Europe. Now it's only three or four weeks.

In the past, you could make 30 times the profit on one trip, but you had to change hands layer by layer, and pay taxes dozens of times after passing the checkpoint. It takes dozens of businessmen to transfer from producer to end consumer, and an average businessman has a profit of 20% at most; Now, although you can only earn 50% of a trip, you can run ten times a year, and there are only two or three links from the plantation to the retail, and the money you make in a year is enough to multiply the principal tenfold. The larger the production capacity, the lower the price, which is the law of all commodity production and marketing. Social and private wealth is growing at an astonishing rate, as Marx said, 'Capitalism has created more wealth in a hundred years than all previous epochs combined'. As for the life or death of the merchants who changed hands in the middle, no one cared. Anyway, they can also be agents and downstream channels attached to the major commercial companies of the empire.

The power of the industrial revolution was to sweep away all the old forces with extremely rapid power, and the result of industrial upgrading was a major reshuffle of the economic pattern, and the proportion of the wealth of the old landlord class in the empire's wealth territory fell ten times faster than the proportion of agriculture in the national economy.

The commercial revolution in this time and space was the massive amount of gold and silver imported from the Americas into Chizhou, and the production capacity of gold and silver was astonishing. 100 tonnes of gold a year is a small matter, but the production of silver can easily exceed 2,000 tonnes. This huge cash income was actually a poison to the empire and the world, and many of the related precious metal mining and smelting enterprises in Chizhou were actually cash cows that passed through crowd control, but the gold and silver they produced rarely flowed back to the mainland and the Old World. Once these gold and silver flows back to the Old World, they will destroy the empire in the same way that the gold and silver of the old time and space destroyed Spain. Although the population and industrial and commercial output of the empire exceeded that of Spain in the same period by hundreds of times. It is a precious metal black hole that has attracted worldwide attention. But the amount of precious metals produced by Chizhou today has exceeded the absorption demand of this black hole by several times.

According to historical data, before the Industrial Revolution, the economic growth rate in Europe and the Near East averaged about 0.4% per year, and the total economic output doubled in 200 years. Then the demand for precious metal currency should also increase by about the same, in fact, this figure with the expansion of trade with China, the increase is four or five times more, that is, the total supply of money needs to increase by 2% every year. In fact, prices across Europe have increased fivefold in two hundred years. Per capita income has only tripled. This means that the money supply has increased by a factor of 10 in excess of real demand. Without China's precious metals black hole, Europe's domestic money supply would have increased by more than 50 times. Prices will enter hyperinflation. Instead of actual mild inflation. This hyperinflation will destroy the fragile European economy, rather than promote the budding of capitalism in Europe.

In other words, Europe's smooth development is due to the trade deficit with China, otherwise it would not have been possible to develop so smoothly. The benefits of China's black hole are shared throughout the world, while Europe's trade is enjoyed only by Europe's own handful of capitalist families. This policy of trade and capital management, which benefited too few and too many, was Spain's evil, not only to the detriment of Spain itself, but also to the detriment of the entire population and the colonies of the great powers that followed it. The various powers experienced the economic regression caused by inflation brought on by mercantilism and deflation due to the lack of money in the colonies.

The commercial revolution is nothing more than an increase in the efficiency of people moving goods from various places, and the growth of wealth is limited. The growth of wealth still depends on industry.

How could the traversers make such a low-level mistake? The gold and silver produced in Chizhou are so amazing that with the support of modern chemical leaching methods, ultra-low-grade gold and silver mines are mined, and the production is 100 times higher than that of Spain 400 years later. Spain transported four billion tons of rice worth of gold and silver from the Americas during its entire 300-year colonization of the Americas, and it took only 30 years for the Travelers to achieve this goal. According to the current price of rice, 10 kilograms of rice can be purchased for one dragon dollar, and the gold and silver are equivalent to 400 billion dragon yuan according to the current value, which is equivalent to 400,000 tons of gold. Of course, this is impossible, and in the 21st century, the total amount of gold possessed by mankind is only 160,000 tons, and now about 30,000 tons of gold and 500,000 tons of silver are actually mined and smelted. The silver and gold can only be stored in warehouses as private reserves, and their mining and smelting companies are only state-owned enterprises and mining companies controlled by the Chenji Group, and their profits are only slightly higher than the average profit rate of society. If these reserves are also included in the financial statements, these companies can be regarded as the giants of the top 500, and it is obvious that these gold and silver can only slowly flow into the empire and the world's financial system in the next few decades, otherwise, the instability of gold and silver prices will greatly impact the empire and the world's economy. (To be continued.) )u