The order of the Northwest is somewhat similar to that of the Arabian Peninsula. One is a temperate desert and the other is a tropical desert, mostly populated by nomads and a few tribes that are difficult to settle. There is a lot of pressure to survive, and it is naturally very irritable and violent.

After the establishment of the Kushan Empire by the Otsuki clan, the order of Central Asia could affect the whole of Asia. This regime, along with the Han Empire, the Roman Empire, and the Axumite Empire, was very important, and its influence continues to this day.

Although the complex Kushan Empire collapsed, its contribution to the integration of all Asian civilizations remained. The Qarakhanid is an important country founded by the Turkic ethnic minorities.

The rulers of the Qarakhanids, the Turks, were the descendants of ethnic minorities in the Mongolian Plateau, a concentration camp of rivals in the northern part of the Central Plains. After losing to rising stars or other nomadic tribes, they moved west to Central Asia, where the competition was less fierce. This is no different from the monkey who has no tiger in the mountains and is called the king.

After more than 100 years of development, in the early years of the 11th century, the Qarakhanid was destroyed in Khotan, and the Hotan region was completely under the jurisdiction of the Qarakhanid Dynasty. Togan Khan led his army to defeat the Qochang Uighurs several times, at this time the Qochang Uighurs also had a strong national strength, and maintained friendly relations with the Liao Dynasty, in the face of the attack of the Qarakhanid army, the Qochang Uighurs organized armed resistance at the same time, but also instigated the nomadic flank, with the acquiescence of the Liao State, 30,000 (some say 300,000 accounts) "pagan nomadic tribes" from the Mongolian Plateau (these nomadic tribes were mainly Khitans, as well as Turkic people who had not yet been Islamized) entered the border of the Qarakhanid Dynasty. Togan Khan defeated the invasion of these nomadic tribes and tied them firmly to the steppes of Alimari and Yemili.

At this time, the border of the Qarakhanid Dynasty advanced to Kucha in the Aksu region, and the Khan Dynasty at this time was like a Central Asian empire, and even became one of the world's surname empires on a par with the Liao Dynasty at that time. The territory of the Khan Dynasty stretched from Kuqa in the Aksu region in the east, to the steppe region near the Aral Sea in the west, to the Amu Darya, Penchi River, Karakoram Mountains and Kunlun Mountains in the south, and to the grasslands of Lake Balkhash, the Ili River valley and the Seven River basins in the north.

The Khan Dynasty had a powerful army dominated by heavy cavalry, both the "Ghulam" guards trained by the central khanate and the feudal cavalry composed of local Iqta military landowners. A large number of new cities were built in the valleys of the Seven Rivers and the Ili River, and a large number of Turkic-speaking peoples moved from nomadism to settlement, and the economy and culture were very developed.

Since about the middle of the 11th century, the Qarakhanid Dynasty was officially divided into two, the Western Khan was a descendant of Ali, commonly known as the Ali lineage, and possessed the Transoxiana region and the western part of Ferghana, with Samarkand and Bukhara as the capitals; Dong Khan for Harun. The descendants of Bugra Khan, commonly known as the Harun or Hasan lineage, possessed Talas, Baishui, Shicheng, eastern Ferghana, the Seven Rivers Valley and Kashgar, with Barasagon as the political and military capital, and Kashgar as the religious and cultural center.

The two khanates occasionally attacked each other and brought in outside powers to help; At the same time, there was internal strife between the eastern and western khanates.

In the fourth year of Yuanyou, the Seljuk dynasty captured Bukhara, and the western Qarakhanid dynasty became a political vassal of the Seljuk dynasty from then on; The eastern Qarakhanid dynasty also expressed its submission to the Seljuks at one time in the future.

The political system of this country is very strange. The political system of the early Qarakhanid dynasty was the ancient customary law of the Altaic peoples "dual monarchy", that is, the khanate was divided into two parts, with the longest of the Khans serving as the Great Khan and the second elder serving as the Deputy Khan, who ruled a part of the Khanate. There are four little khans under the main and deputy khans, namely Arslan Ilik, Bogra Ilyik, Arslan Special Service, Bogra Special Service, and under the Little Khan, there are titles such as Emir, Yujia, Qi Jin, Burke, and Inanzhu, corresponding to the positions of prime minister, general, attendant officer, secretary officer, etc., so as to form a strict feudal hierarchy, promote step by step, and divide and rule all places.

After the adoption of Islam in the 10th century AD, Islamic names and titles were added to the title. Due to frequent contact with the Persian-Islamic civilization represented by the Samanid Dynasty, the Persian Empire gradually absorbed the centralized system of the Samanid Dynasty of the Persian Empire, and developed it in a blend, and the khanate set up provinces, cities, prefectures and counties in some relatively important areas, and appointed emirs, Burkes and other bureaucrats to govern them. In addition, he set up "dawani" (the Council of State) and religious offices in the central government to assist the Khan family in handling political, judicial and religious affairs.

Saturk. Bugra, Khan. Abdu. Karim died in 955. The most important deed of his life was that he first converted to Islam on the basis of more than 250 years of frequent contacts between the Turkic people of various ethnic groups in the west. Zimusa succeeded to the throne, and 200,000 Turkic people accepted Islam, so the Qarakhanid dynasty became the first Turkic-speaking people in China to accept Islam.

At the same time, most of the successive khans of the dynasty attached "Qarakhan" to their titles, which means that they maintain the tradition, and later historians specially called it "Qarakhanid Dynasty". (stinky and shameless)

The succession to the throne is a system of succession, not succession. The Great Khan, known as Arslan Qarakhan, was stationed in Balasagon (now Tokmakidong, Kyrgyz Republic), and later with the development of the settled agricultural culture of the ruling ethnic groups of the dynasty, he was mostly stationed in Kashgar. Therefore, Kashgar is also called "Ear Cutter". In 893 AD, Talas was captured by the Persian Samanid Dynasty, and then moved to Kashgar, after the destruction of the Samanid Dynasty in 999 AD, Samarkand (now Samarkand, Uzbekistan) and Bukhara (now Bukhara, Uzbekistan) became the new political and economic center of the Khanate.

The Qarakhanid Dynasty did not divide the territory directly under the rule of the dynasty, and implemented centralized power. The abolition of the feudal system was a milestone in the history of Central Asia, which greatly changed the situation of division and division of Xinjiang Province and southern Central Asia for thousands of years, and effectively guaranteed the centralization of power. Therefore, the Qarakhanid generation, except for the separation of the Eastern and Western Qarakhanids, has never seen any record of local political power and feudal territorial melee, which is conducive to social stability and the development of production.

The large and small nomadic tribes in the non-direct territories have their own affairs, but they have no impact on the overall situation.

Despite the centralization of power in the Qarakhanid Dynasty, the Khanate still had a certain tendency to fragment. The root of the problem lies in the system of two khans, with the Great Khan ruling directly in the east, the Khanate in Balasagun, and the Vice-Khan in Talas and Kashgar. Both Khans enjoyed military power, which was a major danger to the unification of the khanate.

The Turkic state, which rose to prominence immediately after the withdrawal of Arab power, was almost entirely Islamized, with beards covered in turbans. The Qarakhanid Dynasty was the first Muslim dynasty established by the Turkic-speaking peoples, but the Qarakhanid Dynasty tried to maintain the characteristics of the Eastern dynasties. Bughra Khan, King of Qin, and King of Qin and the East. "Peach Blossom Stone" and "Qin" were both the titles given to China in Central Asia at that time.

In the Great Dictionary of Turkic Languages written by Mahmud of Kashgar and in the documents of medieval Arabia and Persia, Kashgar is juxtaposed with the Song and Khitan in many places, and it is believed that China is composed of these three parts. Although this only reflects the influence of the Tang Empire on the Turks, it does not mean that cultural identification and belonging will increase the country's favorability of the Central Plains regime, but rather reflects the ambition of the Turks to rule China.

The divided Qarakhanid favored the expansion of the Chinese Empire's influence in the northwest. However, this country, which rarely appears in historical materials, really has no sense of existence, and it is really difficult to penetrate the influence of the Turkic forces in the Central Plains. The intention to rule the Central Plains was nothing more than Italian silver.

Coupled with years of war, it is natural that its economy and culture will not be able to make continuous achievements. In addition to a few large mosques, its economic and cultural achievements can only be maintained at the level of feudal society, and it is difficult to leap to the level of the imperial era. Although the Qarakhanid did not have a shining point compared to China's brilliant achievements, a number of magnificent public buildings were built in Bukhara, Samarkand, Kashgar and other cities, some of which are still intact, showing the glorious material civilization of the Qarakhanid Dynasty.

During the Qarakhanid Dynasty, the process of Turkicization of the indigenous peoples of Central Asia was accelerated due to the settlement of a large number of Turkic-speaking nomads; At the same time, because the Qarakhanid Dynasty made Islam the state religion, the majority of the population also Islamized their religion and customs.

On the basis of social and economic development, in the process of mutual alienation and integration of ethnic groups, science and culture have also achieved tremendous development, and a new culture, Islamic-Turkic culture, has been formed. At the heart of this culture was the Uighur culture, which was a dynastic ruling people with ancient cultural traditions, and was heavily influenced by Iranian Persian and Han Chinese cultures.

The republic split in 1940 and the Eastern and Western Qarakhanid monarchs were Hassan. Peach Blossom Stone. Bogda Khan and Kibolail. In the eyes of the traversers, the value of the existence of these two countries is to use them as a pillow to block the exchanges between the East and the West in Central Asia and prevent the spread of advanced Chinese culture and technology to the West. Islam is notoriously xenophobic. Pagan and exotic cultures rarely spread through Arabs or Islam. The Turkic language was also a very old language, but it eventually disappeared into history when the Arabic alphabet replaced the Uighur alphabet written in the Sogdian alphabet during the Qarakhanid dynasty, making Sogdian a dead script.

For this kind of behavior of forgetting the scriptures, the traversal can only express regret, and the powerful Gaochang has developed under the premise of the continuous blood transfusion of the traversal. There is also increasing friction at the border. (To be continued.) )