404 copper mountain coal sea

(Thank you for the monthly passes of the brothers such as 'Old Water Beast', 'Elivio', 'Qingdao Good Man', 'Crow Afraid of Heights', 'Under the Gray Sky', hehe, there are many brothers, who voted but couldn't see it because of the display reasons, and thank you -

Thank you to all the brothers who supported me, your support made me really touched.

I have to save up manuscripts these days, and there will be fewer updates, and when I go back to school, there will be more updates.

In addition, there are brothers about the power of the tank, hehe, I thought of it, sell a pass here, there will be qualified beasts of burden. Thank you, brothers, for your enthusiastic comments. ）

Out of the gate of the Ordnance Bureau, Lian Zining and the others did not go far, but went to the Mining Supervision Bureau not far away.

It stands to reason that the five-grade yamen of the Mining Supervision Bureau should be under the full control of Quan Yang, but this technical maniac is obviously not very in charge of things, and Lian Zining is happy to suffer for him, and those officials and officials below the Bureau of Mining Supervision are all appointed by Lian Zining, and he has now completely controlled the Mining Supervision Bureau.

The garrison of the Mining Supervision Bureau, a group of small officials, etc., all greeted them at the door, but there was no trace of Quan Yang.

As soon as Lian Zining asked, the deputy bureau said with a wry smile: "If you go back to your uncle, the whole world is testing his baby in the West Cross Courtyard?" ”

"What baby?" Lian Zining raised his eyebrows and asked.

"That's what you told him last time." The deputy bureau is Lian Zining's personal soldier, and now he is also sent out, and he has a good future, and said: "You can wrap a layer of rubber on the outside of the wheel of the carriage, so that not only can the wear of the wheels be greatly reduced, but also faster and lighter." A few days ago, I took people to drill deep in the mountains and old forests, and it took more than ten days to get back a lot of gum back, and it is said that now the study of the rubber has some eyebrows. ”

He cautiously asked, "Do you want to let the subordinate invite him over?" ”

Lian Zining smiled slightly and waved his hand: "No need, don't bother him, you take me around!" ”

The conversion from wooden wheels to rubber wheels is a very inconspicuous thing, just like the invention of the horse pedal, but it is a leap in the history of human civilization and has very great significance.

With rubber wheels, the speed of horse-drawn carriages has accelerated, the flow of materials has accelerated, and the commercial economy has become more prosperous, which is a chain reaction.

The deputy bureau was leading Lian Zining and the others forward.

This Mining Supervision Bureau, which is larger than the Ordnance Bureau, almost surrounds several hills, and the building structure inside is relatively simple.

On the right hand side of the gate is a residential compound, which is the living area and office area of the management staff.

Further on, there are the iron mines that have been discovered.

At this time, the hills that were originally covered with green trees have long since changed color, and on the hills more than 100 meters high, the turf, trees and snow have all been shoveled, revealing the smooth mountain.

On the mountain, some have dug huge holes, deep into the mountain, and countless miners go in and out of the holes, like a swarm of dense ants.

This mining area is extremely vast, with five or six mines as the center, a radius of nearly ten miles, and there are walls separating it, so it can be seen that the construction of the Mining Supervision Bureau is also an extremely huge project, which is not inferior to the construction of a city.

On the right side of the fence, there were four or five rows of houses, all of which resembled single rooms in a barracks, without a yard, where the miners lived.

Leaning against the fence on the left, there is a vast courtyard with dozens of thick chimneys exposed from the wall, from which black smoke comes out.

The dense miners, the black tone, the black smoke that fills the sky, and the huge chimneys that are tens of meters high, at first glance, actually have some flavor of the era of the industrial revolution. …,

The deputy bureau chief said: "Uncle, you see, this is the miners' residential area on the right, there are four rows, four thousand houses, each house is built according to the specifications of the barracks, warm in winter and cool in summer, there is a fire in it, there is a large basin, you can boil water for bathing. According to your adult, the structure of the bunk beds can accommodate eight people in one house, and it is not crowded. There are now more than 23,000 miners in our Mining Supervision Bureau, but most of them have families and live not far from the south of the city, so there are only more than 4,000 people living in these houses. ”

"If you look over there, there is the smelting area, and the copper and iron ore mined is smelted into iron ingots and copper ingots after screening, and stored there! There are now 30 smelting furnaces there, and if all the lines were to be opened, 10,000 catties of iron and 2,500 catties of copper would be cast in one day and night. ”

Lian Zining nodded again and again, this Mining Supervision Bureau is tightly structured, and the scale is definitely the largest in the entire Ming Dynasty now.

It has been more than three months since the start of construction, and tens of thousands of dollars have been spent, and Lian Zining was still a little uncomfortable in his heart, but now he feels that it is worth it.

As he spoke, the crowd walked towards the mine.

Lu Zhen pointed to the mine and said: "This area, the mineral deposits are extremely rich and dense, in this area of more than ten miles, there are one copper mine and four iron mines, and over there, behind the mine, there is a large amount of coal buried underground, which is an extremely rich coal mine. The coal is buried very shallowly, and it can be directly mined by digging four or five feet deep to remove the floating soil on the surface. ”

(In the "Classic of Mountains and Seas", coal is called Shini, and in the Wei and Jin dynasties, coal is called graphite or charcoal.) Li Shizhen's "Compendium of Materia Medica" in the Ming Dynasty used the name coal for the first time. It can be seen that the Ming Dynasty has called coal coal. ）

Lian Zining was very interested, and waved his hand: "Let's go, let's go to the mine and have a look." ”

I heard that Uncle Wu Yi came to inspect, and a large number of officers and soldiers had already rushed to the guard, Lian Zining just smiled when he saw it, and he didn't stop it, the so-called son of a daughter can't sit down, and his current status and status, if he doesn't have a little pomp and circumstance when he goes out, it will make people laugh.

Following the repaired road, the people ascended to the copper mine.

Lian Zining also saw the mining process of this era.

In the middle of the mountain, there is a big hole with a foot on the side, straight down, the bottom is pitch black, I don't know how deep, there is a big roller next to the hole, and there are more than ten thick ropes connected to a huge flat-bottomed wooden basin.

Lu Zhen said: "This wooden basin, when the work is used to load the miners up and down the hole, if it is working hours, the miners below are to put the mined ore in this wooden basin, there is a special person watching below, you see, if it is full, shake this rope, the bell on the top rings, and the wooden basin will be dragged up." ”

Lian Zining looked at it, and sure enough, there was a bell hanging on the crossbar next to the cave entrance, connected to a thin hemp rope below.

Next to the entrance of the cave, the mined ore has been piled up into a hill.

Lu Zhen has obviously learned a lot in these days, and has changed from a big-headed soldier to a mining expert, and said eloquently: "Our mine adopts the method of the 24th line. Dig a big well on the mountain, the periphery of the big well is one zhang, twenty zhang deep, up and down and down, like an upward awl. The mining area below, roughly a mile in circles, has fifty shafts, ten inclined lanes and one hundred and thirty flat lanes, and the lanes below are supported by original pine wood, about a foot in diameter. ”

"The diameter of the shaft is five to six feet, and the shaft is a traffic channel from which the ore and the water below are lifted to the surface, and the derrick support timber is sent down. The shaft is ten zhang deep, which is divided into several sections, that is, digging a section of the shaft, digging a section of flat roadway, each flat roadway is equipped with a roller, so that step by step lifting, relay completion. The direction of the 130 flat alleys is inconsistent, the width is basically the same, the inner space is 6 feet 1 inch high, and the width is 6 feet 5 inches. The role of the inclined roadway and the flat roadway are different, and the inclined roadway is opened from the surface of the ore layer to the bottom, mainly for prospecting; Then open the roadway in the horizontal direction and mine upwards from the bottom of the ore layer. The mined ore is pre-selected underground, and the poor ore and waste rock are filled into the goaf, so that the collapse of the goaf area can be avoided, and the ore texture of the hole can be higher, and the amount of lifting and transportation can be reduced. Our mines basically use this method, and adopt a combination of vertical shafts, inclined shafts, inclined roadways, and flat roadways. At the same time, there are some small means, such as setting up vents, etc., which initially solve a series of problems such as underground ventilation, drainage, lifting and roadway support. ”…,

Lian Zining is not professional after all, and he is a little foggy when he listens, although he doesn't understand, but he also knows what a huge project this is.

Lu Zhen added: "Most of the money and manpower that our Mining Supervision Bureau has consumed are on this underground mine. ”

After staying here for a while, he went down the mountain, and the other four iron mines were the same as this one, and there was no need to go, so he went directly to the coal field.

Just behind the mine, the coalfield is a low, rolling hill.

By this time, the shallow floating soil on the ground had been excavated, revealing large black veins, and at first glance, coal seemed to be covered with the earth.

Lian Zining knew that the region was very rich in coal reserves, and later it was one of the largest coal mines of the Soviet Union in the Far East, and the coal reserves were measured in 100 million tons.

Although I was mentally prepared, when this sea of coal was in front of me, I couldn't help but be shocked.

Now, this rich land has now become the foundation of its own origin.

There were quite a few miners working on it, and they drove long iron hammers into the ground with sledgehammers, and then smashed them into the diagonal spurs, so that after a few rounds, a large lump of coal was pried off, and then the lump of coal was laboriously moved to the side, and there were already miners with sledgehammers there to knock the big pieces of coal into fist-sized pieces. The pieces were then shoveled up with a shovel and pushed by a small cart to the smelting area over there.

There is an endless stream of small cars, and the coal on the surface of the formation has not decreased at all.

Lu Zhen said: "This coalfield area is very large, what you see in front of you is just a corner, the mark has sent people to explore, the entire coalfield stretch range, when more than fifty miles, with our current progress, I am afraid that a thousand years may not be able to finish." ”

After listening to this, Lian Zining was in a good mood, and laughed: "Then speed up the mining speed by a thousand times!" ”

Lu Zhen said with a smile: "You are joking, if you can really mine so much, there is no place to use it!" ”

Then I went to the concentrator again.

The concentrator area is in front of the coalfield, to the left of several mines.

A river meanders through it, with considerable width and speed, and some underground water veins that have been in several mines have been diverted and flowed into them.

By the river, on a large boulder washed with water, ten strange machines were placed at once.

On a two-meter-square anvil, there is a pure iron pillar with the thickness of a bowl, at the top of the pillar, a pulley with a diameter of about two feet is fixed, the rope on the pulley is densely entangled, and one end of the rope is connected with a large iron block with a diameter of two feet and a height of about one foot. The other end of the rope, a reel attached to the ground, was also covered with rope.

Several miners stood behind the wheel, shaking the wheel vigorously, and the big iron slowly rose, and then at this time, a large pile of preliminarily mined ore was put into the landing point of the large iron block, and quickly walked to the side after putting it down. When the iron was high enough to reach the top of the pillar, the miners shouted at the same time, and let go together, and the rocker of the wheel spun back, and the large iron fell down heavily, smashing into the pile of ore.

By the time the iron was hoisted up again, the ores, which were of different sizes and generally larger, had been crushed to the size of coarse sand.

Then someone quickly swept the crushed ore into a bucket on the side with a broom, and another miner put the uncrushed ore into the landing point.

Ten machines rise and fall, come and go, with the pressure, with the pressure with the go, each machine has three rotations next to the wheel, can ensure that never stop, the speed is very fast. …,

The crushed mineral sand was sent to the river for distribution, and there were thousands of people on the riverside, each of whom had a large bucket in front of them, and they scooped clean water from the river with a large bucket, and then poured the mineral sand into it, stirred it vigorously with wooden sticks, mixed it well, and waited for it to settle.

Lu Zhen pointed to the machine and said: "This is called a crusher, the mined ore cannot be directly smelted, it requires two steps, the first is crushed, and the second is screened. The ore is crushed first, and then put into the water to stir, the one that floats on the surface of the water is called "fine stickiness", the one that is suspended in the water is called "plum sand", and the one that sinks to the bottom of the barrel is called "coarse mineral meat". Then the fine clay and plum sand are washed in a pointed bottom pan to obtain concentrate. The coarse ore meat should also be washed in a boat-shaped wooden tray to obtain a concentrate. After that, it can be smelted in the furnace. ”

Lian Zining listened with great interest and asked, "How much can be produced every day of various minerals now?" ”

Lu Zhen said: "Back to Uncle's words, now we can produce 3,000 catties of copper ore and 1,800 catties of ore every day, and the copper ingots obtained by smelting are about 1,200 catties." It can produce 20,000 catties of iron ore, 15,000 catties of ore and 13,000 catties of smelted iron ingots. In addition, there are coal mines with a daily output of up to 100,000 catties. ”

Lian Zining nodded, if the unit of measurement is converted into an adult, it is 219 tons of copper, more than 2,300 tons of iron, and less than 20,000 tons of coal per year, which is indeed very insignificant compared to those super large enterprises that produce hundreds of tons of steel at every turn in later generations. But it's also very good for this era.

After all, throughout the 16th century, the world's iron and steel industry was only in its infancy, and in the early years of Yongle, when the government-run iron works were rampant, the national iron output was 9,700 tons, while the output of the private iron works was less than 10% of the output of the government-run iron works. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the withdrawal of the government-run iron works, private iron factories increasingly became the main force of production, Guangdong and Fujian in the iron production of the status of rising day by day, the iron output of Fujian reached 6,000 tons during the Hongzhi period, and the iron output of Guangdong in the tenth year of Jiajing reached 27 million catties, that is to say, the iron output of the Ming season was only around 350,000 tons. And the West is even more pitiful, until 1670, Russia's steel production reached 2,400 tons, as for the figure of the big bang in the steel industry, that was after the industrial revolution.

Lian Zining asked: "Where are all the iron produced sold, is it possible to make a profit?" ”

Lu Zhen said: "Basically, they are sold to the Ordnance Bureau and the Liu family's steel workshop, the Ordnance Bureau is making guns and cannons every day, which requires a lot of steel, and the Liu family is the same." However, their main business scope is the civilian side, and they are very well-informed, and they know that many households will soon move here, so they have cast a large number of kitchen knives, iron nails and other things, ready to sell them at that time. Now there are always thousands of taels of silver in the account every day, and you can't always ask adults to pay for it, right? ”

Lian Zining looked at the miners who were busy working and asked, "How much do they pay?" ”

"Six dollars of silver a month, lunch at noon, meat, steamed bread, rice and corn tortillas are enough. If you are lodging, you will have food in the morning and evening, but you won't see meat. ”

"Six coins of silver, so little?" Lian Zining frowned and asked.

"Uncle, it's not less." Lu Zhen said: "This place is not as cheap as the capital, the objects are cheap, and the manpower is also cheap. ”

Lian Zining was relieved, he suddenly lowered his voice and asked, "Are there any miners killed or injured?" ”

Lu Zhen's face was a little embarrassed, and he said, "Yes, indeed." ”

"How many accidents have you had? How many people were killed or wounded? Lian Zining asked with a calm face.

Lu Zhen was in a worried mood and said in a low voice: "There were three accidents, thirty-six people died and twenty-five people were injured. ”

Lian Zining's face became more and more ugly, which frightened Lu Zhen to the point that his face was like dirt, he lowered his head and didn't dare to move, but he trembled lightly. He has always known the temperament of adults, and he is most unaccustomed to this kind of thing, but he is afraid that this time he will have to finish. Contrary to Lu Zhen's expectations, Lian Zining Bing did not have a seizure, but just sighed and said, "How is the pension work doing?" ”

Lu Zhen breathed a sigh of relief and hurriedly said: "The dead miner will be paid for two years, one stone of corn." And if it is recruited in the future, the men of their family can be given priority. Those who are seriously injured and disabled shall be paid one and a half years of wages and one stone of corn. ”

Lian Zining was silent for a moment, the dead miner was given two years' wages, that is, about fifteen taels of silver, which really can't be regarded as less, after all, it is a miner, it is impossible to do it like a soldier's pension, and the five fingers are stretched out and there are still long and short! If they are all paid according to the specifications of the soldiers, then I am afraid that the cost will be too great, after all, mining will be a high-risk industry even in the future.

He stared at Lu Zhen and said word by word: "Xiao Lu, you are brought out by me, you know me best, you know me the most, you know what I hate the most, the salary I give you is not low, it is enough to spend." You remember a sentence, what I give you, you can ask for it, what I don't give you, you can't touch it! The resettlement money of these miners can't be touched, understand? ”

wqe