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（0092）

[Today's third update is delivered, ask for collection, ask for recommendation~~~~]

Let's start with the first question.

Many people may say that it is easier said than done to carve spiral lines into the barrel of a gun. If you can draw a line in the barrel, you might as well concentrate on how to produce the nested barrel of the Lumi gun! Comparatively, that one may be a little less technically difficult. In fact, Zhou Shiwen and Luo Dashan do think so. They unanimously decided that with the current tools, it was impossible to get rifling in the barrel of the gun.

"You're not right!"

"We don't carve rifling inside the barrel, but roll up the rifled sheet!"

Zhang Zhun said confidently.

If the muskets of the Ming Dynasty were produced and the barrel was formed as a whole, his method would not work. In this era, there was really no suitable tool to reach into the barrel of the gun and make the rifling that met the requirements. However, in the production of muskets in the Ming Dynasty, the barrel was rolled, as if a piece of paper was rolled into a paper tube. In this way, the engraving of rifling is relatively simple.

Actually, in all seriousness, threaded rifled guns are not complicated. In fact, it is possible to draw the rifling by hand in a simple woodworking workshop in a very simple way. Thread rifling may seem complicated, but it's just a matter of concept, as long as you pierce the window paper, it's actually very simple to do. The first and biggest question is how to form the threads. This first level has been in the hands of mankind for hundreds of years, and it seems unfathomable, but it only takes a little means to solve.

First, take out a rectangular piece of white paper, then take out a ruler and a pen, and draw several parallel lines on this white paper - diagonally diagonally, usually from top left to bottom right. After drawing the line, the paper is rolled into a paper tube – flat instead of diagonal – and the magic happens: the straight lines that were originally parallel to the paper are spirals on the paper tube. This is the fastest and most efficient way to form threads.

Next, the paper is glued to the prepared log, and then a knife is used to carve grooves along the drawing marks, and the log with threaded grooves is called rifling guides. If the guide rail is pulled through two rings with a raised tenon and a slightly larger diameter than the log, then the convex tenon will force the log, i.e., the rifled guide, to rotate according to the thread on it when the tenon slides through the threaded groove.

Finally, the hard steel cutter used to draw the rifling - a cutter head and a slender steel post, which must be longer than the barrel - is fixed at the front end of this rifling guide, and the barrel is clamped with a clamp to carve the rifling through the barrel by pulling the guide rail. Zhang Zhun asked Li Fenglai and others to forge the highest quality steel, which is used to do this.

Generally speaking, due to the requirements of stability and accuracy, this action is pulled, that is, the core of the rifling cutter is mounted on the guide rail through the barrel, and then the head of the rifling knife is pulled through the barrel, rather than pushing the knife to the end. So this is called rifling, and this tool is called a broaching machine. Broaching machines are naturally better if they have mechanical power. But even if there is no mechanical power, it is not a big problem, and the animal power is always there, which can be pulled by oxen. Of course, you can also employ people.

The rifling drawing tool is as simple as that. All you need is carpentry skills – carpentry – to make it. Therefore, theoretically, as long as this method is known, rifled guns can be made as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period - of course, at this time, due to the limitations of metal cutting knives, only iron knives can be used to pull the copper barrel out of rifling.

"It's as simple as that."

"Now that we understand the principle, the process problem should not be difficult to solve."

Zhang Zhun said very confidently.

After listening to Zhang Zhun's detailed explanation, Zhou Shiwen, Luo Dashan and others finally believed that it was indeed feasible in principle, and as for the details, it depended on the pondering of the craftsmen. Other craftsmen are also enlightened.

"Everyone has a full discussion."

Zhang Zhun waved his hand and said.

It's as simple as that. However, knowing the principle does not mean that you can make it. After all, it involves the skill level of the craftsmen. Fortunately, after a heated discussion, the craftsmen agreed that it was worth a try. Well, it is indeed a try. No one can guarantee that it will really succeed. After all, to roll a steel sheet engraved with rifling into a barrel, it is also very difficult.

"There is no problem with the timing, everyone has plenty of time."

"Whoever is the first to make a barrel for use, I will reward him with a hundred taels of silver."

Zhang Zhun offered a high reward method again.

As long as someone is tempted, then everything is easy to do.

Sure enough, when I heard that there was a reward of one hundred taels of silver, all the craftsmen's eyes suddenly lit up, including Zhou Shiwen and Luo Dashan. The new Thousand Households are really wealthy! It's a hundred taels of silver at every turn! Many craftsmen are secretly swallowing their saliva. There is no way, people who are poor and afraid, how can they not be tempted when they see gold and silver mountains all of a sudden? One hundred taels of silver was enough for them to build a brand new brick house and live a happy and healthy life.

"My lord, how do you solve the bullets?"

Luo Dashan then raised the second question.

Zhang Zhun said with great ambition: "The solution of the gun and bullet is even easier. Just use Minnie Bullets. The production of mini shells is much simpler than rifling. ”

The so-called Mini bullet is actually a kind of expanded bottom pointed bullet. The diameter of the bullet is also smaller than the barrel, and perhaps even smaller than the round bullet, so that it is easy to reload and can be easily stuffed into the barrel without jamming. The bottom of the Mini bullet is not round or flat, but leaves a conical or cup-shaped hole at the bottom of the bullet when casting, and the edge of this hole is a relatively thin lead skin.

When black powder is poured into it, when the Mini bullet is pushed into the chamber, the cup-shaped hole in the bottom of the bullet will naturally cover the gunpowder. When the rifle fires, the bottom of the Mini bullet suddenly expands with force, completely closing the gap between the bullet and the chamber. In this way, the kinetic energy generated by gunpowder will not be wasted, and all of it will be concentrated on the bullet. Coupled with the fact that rifling provides a stable trajectory, the bullet can naturally fly farther.

In fact, after the advent of Mini bullets, the effective range of the rifle exploded to 500 yards in one fell swoop, which was 5~10 times more than the original smoothbore gun. The previously powerful dense phalanx immediately became meaningless in front of Minnie bullets - you don't have to wait for enemy artillery to bombard you in this kind of phalanx, and the infantry can slaughter you completely with long-range fire from Minnie bullets.

Zhang Zhun had ordered the collection of graphite before, which was exactly what was needed to make Mini bullets. Of course, lead and graphite are two different things. However, graphite is also soft and can be used as an alternative to lead when necessary. Within the control area of Fushan Institute, I don't know how much lead production is, anyway, there is a lot of graphite.

In fact, Zhang Zhun originally selected the Mini rifle for research and production, and a big factor was that the Mini bullet was very good and the materials were easy to use. It is less technically demanding than rifling and does not even require a machine.

Generally, the casting of fire bolts is made of an iron mold and poured into molten lead to cast into a lead bullet. The mold is small enough to carry around in your pocket. Generally, the infantry is directly distributed with a mold of this kind and a few pounds or catties of lead, so that when the infantry is camped for dinner, they use the lead melted in the campfire to cast the bullets for the next use.

Of course, it is also possible to use a stamping machine to stamping on a large scale and then distribute it uniformly, but because the lead is relatively soft, it is easy to be deformed due to collisions when placed, and it is generally customary to let soldiers temporarily cast it before the war. The Mini bomb, on the other hand, is just a change in the casting shape of this iron mold. Therefore, there is no technical level at all. And just this simple action, combined with the production of rifling, can increase the effective range by 5~10 times.

In fact, it's not just about increasing the range. It also increases the power while reducing the amount of gunpowder. The simple reason is that when the gunpowder leaves a lot of space for the round bullets, a lot of the gunpowder leaks out and is wasted, rather than being used to push the bullets. The expanded bottom of the Mini bullet can completely seal the chamber and greatly improve the utilization rate of gunpowder. As a result, gunpowder can be filled with less and have the same or even higher power. That's why the Parrot Cannon only needs a 5-pound charge, which can match or even exceed the range of the Napoleon's 25-pound charge.

The less gunpowder is loaded, the chamber pressure is naturally reduced, so that the barrel can be made thinner and longer, and at the same time, the recoil is also reduced, which is more conducive to aiming. This point is very important for the Ming military guns. Because the barrel of the Ming military gun is rolled, the strength is not as good as the whole casting, the higher the chamber pressure, the greater the possibility of exploding the chamber. However, in order to increase the power of the firearm, it is necessary to increase the pressure of the chamber. Therefore, it is not uncommon for the chamber to be blown up. When Qi Jiguang fought against the Japanese invaders, less than 100 soldiers were killed or wounded in the hands of the Japanese invaders, but as many as two or three hundred soldiers were killed or wounded in their own firearms.

In addition, because the mini bullet is a sharp or long bullet, it can be made more massive than a round bullet under the same caliber. This means that while maintaining the mass and power of the warhead, the caliber can be reduced, and the barrel can be shortened while maintaining the magnification. This, in addition to reducing the weight of the barrel, also increases bullet penetration. In fact, Mini bullets and modern bullets are somewhat close in appearance.

However, it is not necessary to make a Mini bullet as heavy or heavier than a round bullet. Because of the advantages of sealing and rifling, it has a higher muzzle velocity, power and range. In other words, large calibers are no longer needed, and the barrel caliber, bullet weight, and gunpowder loading can be reduced while maintaining a larger range and stronger power. And the rifle and bullets are lighter, which means that the infantry load is greatly reduced. This is very important for the era when there were no cars.

The smaller diameter of the round round made it completely unaffected by black powder residue and allowed it to jam, which also increased the average rate of fire of the musket. With a Mini-style rifle, a normally trained musketeer is capable of firing essentially four shots per minute. If the training is more rigorous and the technique is more proficient, it can even shoot six times per minute. This is a very desirable result for a musket. Combined with the three-stage shooting, it is enough to form a barrage of extremely lethal in front of the enemy's cavalry. With the bayonet, both remotely and processedly, everything can be handled.

Of course, this is only the ideal situation.

It will take a long time to create a high-level Mini-style rifle.

[Today's third update is delivered, ask for collection, ask for recommendation~~~~]

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