Downing now feels like a mountain of illness, and the plan that was expected to be a year has only lasted six months, so he hurriedly went into his first hibernation, and his body remains in Buenos Aires to prepare for the next trip to Antarctica.

When he was awakened a month later, he felt very uncomfortable and had a tendency to be severely misanthropic, which seemed to be an unexpected consequence of hibernation techniques, and he hurriedly learned about current events, Vice Chairman Lin had forced the British government to surrender through the army, and Queen Victoria became the queen of the British Empire again.

Edward VII, who was dragged out by the British government to become king, was sent to Nigeria as a governor with no real power.

The second time, Downing woke up half a year later, in the middle of 1876, and the world had changed again. The United States of America, the last stubborn resistance in the world, was surrounded and suppressed by the 100,000-strong army of the United Nations, and the American army was defeated. These 100,000 troops are fighters, not infantry, and it is no wonder if they don't win.

During Downing's brief lucidity, he contacted Linfield, who excitedly offered to preside over the signing of the Magna Carta. Downing agreed, and he instinctively felt that this was the last time he would appear on earth, and that he would appear with Linfield, Sissi, and his daughter Erin, and make a bright appearance in San Francisco, the headquarters of the United Nations, and then disappear like a meteor.

In order to be able to stay awake throughout the signing ceremony, he will take powerful biochemical drugs, hijack dopamine in the brain, addiction or something don't have to think about anymore, can't he be crazy for the last time?

Many media received the news that Emperor Tang was about to attend the United Nations General Assembly, and reported it one after another, which also made the emperor's security team very busy, and they had to work hard to bring out the most advanced security weapons.

These security weapons are unimaginable to ordinary people, but on the surface they look extremely loose, and the Tang Emperor stood behind the microphone with such a big grin to make a speech after the signing ceremony. Thousands of participants in the audience at the United Nations Conference Center resonated with great enthusiasm to pay tribute to the unquestioned Emperor of the Earth.

The Emperor of the Tang Dynasty is called "the peace of the world", and no monarch or emperor in history has made such a great contribution. To achieve eternal peace, the Tang Emperor, who became the most powerful man in the world, had to retire like General Washington, and now he has done so.

Vice Chairman Lin is also very strong, but compared to Emperor Tang, it is still almost good, and it is suitable for full retirement. After 15 years, she also retreated into the background, and the world was truly democratized for all.

The Bar Group composed of the common law system, the German-French civil law system formed the international * official, which is the judicial pole, the rational faction led by the academic elite of the Global University of Technology Alliance formed the ruling pole, and then the United Nations citizens formed the legislative pole, and the global separation of powers was established.

There is not only a global coalition government, but also the separation of powers, and the news surveillance that has been established by the Internet. It was hard for Tang Ning to imagine that the Earth Empire he had created would not be peaceful. However, he did not have much interest in the strife of human society, and on the great occasion of the signing ceremony of the Magna Carta of the United Nations, he gave a conjecture speech on the ultimate science.

The theme of the presentation was "Where We Come From".

The Emperor began to speak:

"Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the new United Nations General Assembly, the new General Assembly, the new humanity. At the beginning of this new era, I think you must be concerned about where humanity is headed. However, what I want to show you today is our past and the culmination of today's scientific achievements.

Knowing the past, knowing the present, and for the future, everyone will have their own opinions in the debate, and there is no need for me or other authorities to interpret too much, the world is full of uncertainties, and we know the trend, the big trend, and it is in our hearts.

What I want to talk about seems to be the question of 'creation'. To understand the true greatness of creation, we must understand how grand and vast our world is, our universe.

Astronomers have been measuring the distance of the nearest star to the Sun decades ago, and the method he used is not fundamentally different from the method used by Tossenicaus, the director of the Library of Alexandria in ancient Greece, in 240 BC to measure the size of the Earth.

Sunlight can be seen as shining parallel to the Earth, as the most advanced scientists of the time were willing to accept the seemingly unlikely fact that the Earth was round.

Therefore, the director of Tossenicao had a whim, the curvature of the earth would make the noon time of the city of Seini in Egypt, which is 800 kilometers away from Alexandria, different from that of Alexandria, and the two elevation angles can be obtained by measuring the shadows produced by the sun in the two cities at the same time, and the diameter of the earth can be estimated by adding the distance of 800 kilometers.

This is called the 'parallax method'. It can measure the distance from the Earth to the Moon very well, and the best accuracy is based on the diameter of the Earth, in which case dividing by 2 is the geocentric parallax. The Earth-Moon distance was measured by Ptolemy in this way as 57 arc minutes.

One 360th of a circumference is one degree, and one 60th of a degree is an arc. The distance between other stars and the Earth is much farther than that of the Moon to the Earth, and it was only at the time of the great development of telescopes that extremely small parallax measurements could be made, according to the French astronomer J. d。 Cassini measured the parallax of Mars in 1673.

Since Mars, humans have been able to easily determine the distances of planets in the solar system, and finally the accuracy has been improved, and the size of the solar system has become more and more accurate.

Humanity could not stop exploring, and finally set its sights beyond the solar system, where the stars were called because people once thought they were eternal and immovable. However, some astronomers are skeptical, believing that the stars are not immobile, but that they are so far away from us that they appear to be immobile.

This remoteness is far beyond the primitive means of observation hundreds of years ago, when in 1718, the British astronomer Halley first observed the star on its own. The motion between a farther star and a closer star can be observed, which is called the star's self.

Halley's discovery of the positions of the three brightest stars in the sky, Sirius, the Three Stars of the South River, and Arcturus, did not match the records of Greek astronomers, and even considering that the ancient Greeks observed the sky with the naked eye, this gap was too great to be a very reliable proof that the stars were not eternal.

These three stars are relatively close stars, but even so, they are so far away from us that even if Halley takes the diameter of the Earth around the Sun as the baseline, he still can't detect any parallax once every six months.

Astronomical telescopes have been improving for 100 years, and every time an astronomer tries to measure the parallax of a star with a newly invented telescope, the result is to no avail. Scientists' estimates of star distances are also getting farther and farther away.

This did not change until the 1830s, when the German astronomer Bessel invented the 'heliometer', as it was originally used to measure the diameter of the sun. However, heliometers can also measure star-to-star distances. Month after month, Bessel noticed the changes in distance between stars, and finally measured the parallax of the first star in history.

His choice was a very large star in the constellation Cygnus every year, called Cygnus 61. He continued to observe Cygnus 61 for more than a year before getting the results. This result brought the astronomical distance to the sub-arc second level, and he got a result of 0. 31 arc seconds.

This epic distance figure is 100 trillion kilometers. When it comes time to use trillions as units, we know that we have to invent a new unit, otherwise it will be very difficult to remember if we continue to develop. The upper limit of speed in the universe is that the speed of light travels for a year and comes in handy as a unit of distance.

At the speed of light, we can put the 61 stars of Cygnus at a distance of 11 light years, which is very well remembered.

With this precedent, measurements of nearby stars were immediately carried forward, and two months after Bessel's successful measurements, the British astronomer Henderson measured the nearest star to us, Centauri A, which I think should be common knowledge for mankind.4 3 light years.

Before I joined the observing army myself, I also funded a large number of astronomers to build better telescopes, and a total of 70 stars were measured by parallax. The farthest figure is about 100 light years, which is less reliable because it is too far away, and 100 light years is probably the limit of the parallax method.

There are about 6,000 stars that we can see with the naked eye, and we can only measure 70 of them from a distance, which is a long way to go. However, thanks to the distance numbers of these 70 stars, some astronomers are able to get a rough estimate of the size of our Milky Way by counting.

When Galileo Galilei pointed his invention telescope at the Milky Way in 1609, he and his friends were stunned. The sky, which used to have just over 6,000 stars, suddenly became uncountable, as if God had sprinkled a handful of cornmeal in the sky. (Cornmeal is the main ingredient of Shandong pancakes that Tang Ning likes to eat)

1785, w. Herschel estimated the number of stars in the Milky Way at about 100 million. We can confirm a famous law by making a small real yàn with a lamp: A star is one-ninth brighter than B star, and A star is three times as far away as B star.

Assuming that all stars are the same brightness, Herschel would have come up with a very rough figure for the size of the Milky Way. Based on the brightness levels of these stars, he concluded that the Milky Way is about 850 times the distance to bright Sirius, and that the Milky Way is 150 times thicker.

Based on the latest measured distance of Sirius, Hearst estimates that the Milky Way is 7,500 light-years in diameter and 1,300 light-years thick. With our current telescope manufacturing technology and calculation methods, the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy that we know is far more than 100 million, and the brightness (size) of the stars cannot be the same.

However, this is the first time that mankind has extended the imagination of the universe to a scale of nearly 10,000 light-years. Why would I get involved in stellar measurements? That's because an astronomer came to me and asked me if it was any point in recently discovering that the sun is made of hydrogen and helium through the solar spectrum?

I said that the sun has helium, which means that helium is more common among stars and can be used to explain Cepheid variables. On September 10, 1784, Edward Pigott detected a photometric change in the η of Aquila, the first classical Cepheid variable star to be described.

A few months later, John Goodlick made precise measurements of the Zopheid, a variable star discovered by Syca. Cepheid's apparent magnitude is 3 at its brightest. 7 and 4 at the darkest. 4th class, the photodynamic period is 5 days, 8 hours, 47 minutes and 28 seconds.

How to explain this rare phenomenon of variable stars? Helium, which normally has two electrons, is ionized at high temperatures, loses electrons, and the surface of the star is full of ionized helium. According to the temperature, ionization can be divided into single electron ionization and double electron ionization.

The transparency of helium ionized by two electrons is significantly different from that of helium ionized by single electrons, and as the star continues to heat the helium shell, the double ionization of helium increases, and its opacity increases, making the star hotter, and the star begins to expand.

At this point, we see that the luminosity of the variable star increases. The star expands to a certain distance and cools down the inside, and the double ionized helium transforms back to single ionization, and the light transmittance increases, which increases the cooling rate, so the variable star slowly retracts back, which is a dimming process.

There are not many variable stars, because it requires the size of the star and the chance of the elements that make it up. However, once it appears periodically, it will be more stable. This rare star became an opportunity to measure the distance of the star. Because the larger the variable week, the longer the period, which means that we can determine the size (absolute brightness) of the star by looking at the period.

No matter how far away the star is, its observed period is constant, and the fainter the variable star of the same period, the farther it is, it has become our unchanging coordinate in the vast starry sky. ”

Except for those who don't even recognize the basic scientific principles, those who are attracted by the measurement of astronomical distances listen to it with relish, and it is indeed the style of the emperor of science and technology, there is no greatness, glory, and correct pomp, only hard hard hard truths.

Astronomers who are not part of the core astronomical team only learned about this measurement method at this time, and immediately understood that in addition to the power of the interstellar sign of Cepheid variables, this is an epoch-making event in astrometry. If Cepheids have been discovered enough, perhaps astronomers will be able to discover its mysteries, and the significance of the inverted depraving of the variable star cycle from helium like Downing is simply a stroke of genius