Chapter 252: The Dispute of Urgency
The "Slow Progressives" in Japan have always been wary of Okuma as a "radical changer". As a result of the www.biquge.info of the pen "Fun" Pavilion, this Jianbai was immediately strongly opposed by the Slow Progressives. The Slow Progressives thought that this Jianbai was too radical. Moreover, "drastic factions" such as Okuma are trying to strengthen the strength of their factions. Some of the old courtiers were activated. This made the leader of the Slow Progress faction, Okubo Ritsu, extremely dissatisfied. In order to fight the Radicals. Okubo immediately urged the Restoration Father, Saigo Takamori, to take up his post in Beijing. After Saigo arrived in Kyoto, he immediately became the vanguard of the Slow Progress faction with his own prestige. Soon after, Saigo Kamika's "Saigo Yoshinosuke Opinion Letter" openly criticized Okuma and others for their plans to enrich the country. Okuma and the others immediately ridiculed each other. Once again, the conflict between the two factions has dragged the government into division. At this time, on December 1, Meiji 2, the former odd soldier of the Choshu Radical faction, Ōrakugen Taro, raised troops to rebel. And in Tokyo. Assassinations followed, and after the assassination of Yokoi Konan, another hero of the Restoration, Shintomi Hirosawa was also assassinated. To make matters worse, two ministers, Aito Tsuo, Kosuke Wayama, and Genicaro Dairaku, who were also radicals, collaborated to plan a riot. Japan's new government is in dire straits both internally and externally and on the verge of collapse. Then, on June 25, Okubo carried out a government reform, and installed people from the Slow Advance faction within the government, which intensified the contradictions between the two factions and made the atmosphere extremely tense. Okuma, together with Goto Zojiro and Eto Shinpei, openly argued with Saigo, causing the conflict to heat up. The Meiji government was stagnant and gloomy. On July 5th, in the face of the chaotic political situation, especially because the rebellion plan of Gentaro Oraku and others was revealed. This has brought an unprecedented sense of crisis to both factions within the government. In order to prevent the failure of the Restoration, the two factions finally compromised. On the 9th, at the private residence of Prime Minister Sanjo Minoru, the two factions formally ceased fighting and reached a compromise. The Slow Advance faction agreed to accept Okuma's plan on a series of conditions, such as an all-inclusive policy for the former feudal lords, and the "abolition of feudal prefectures," which had a major impact on Japanese history, was finally implemented.
The abolition of feudal domains was a major event in the history of the Japanese Restoration, marking the end of years of division and the emergence of a centralized modern state. The reunification of Japan laid a very solid foundation for Japan's future development. Okuma's contribution to the abolition of the feudal prefecture was indispensable. However, for financial issues. Far from solving many financial problems, the abolition of feudal counties has exacerbated the financial crisis. The feudal domains had long been in debt as a result of years of replenishment and recruitment to cope with the war. Although the abolition of feudal prefectures allowed the whole country to collect taxes, the new government had to bear not only all the feudal debts, but also the livelihood of the 2 million feudal lords in each feudal domain. The huge feudal debt of 78 million taels of silver and the expenditure of the feudal lords greatly exacerbated the financial crisis of the Meiji government. The abolition of the feudal prefecture was actually a big step towards bankruptcy for the new Meiji government.
One of the benefits of abolishing the feudal counties was that the new government, which had reached political unity, was finally able to deal with the severe economic chaos. With the help of the abolition of the feudal domain, Okuma began the work of reorganizing the currency. First of all, it was announced that the private currency feudal domains issued by each feudal domain would be abolished. The deadline is to exchange for the so-called prefecture and county notes, and then to the Taizheng official notes. During this time, Okuma changed his perspective in order to cope with various expenses. It was tacitly accepted that the imperial government would not exchange the banknotes and issue them, hoping to restrain the hard currency. After several years of hard work, the chaos of paper money was finally calmed down. The banknotes of the central government became the only circulating banknotes and were scattered throughout the country. Okuma then began to plan an operation to eradicate counterfeit gold and silver coins. In March of Meiji 2, Okuma built a white book, proposing to change two to yuan, abolishing four to ten, and establishing a mint. The so-called change of two to yuan means that the gold and silver coins originally issued by the shogunate were all changed to gold and silver dollars of uniform specifications. Changed the square gold and silver coins to be round to make them easier to carry. Establish standards for the size and content of gold and silver dollars. Abolishing the quadruple is to change the exchange rate of the original quadrupial system to the Western decimal system. An official mint was set up to produce standard-gauge gold and silver coins and new coins. Okuma's suggestion was agreed. So Okuma threw himself into these tasks with great interest. Unfortunately, Okuma's luck was not so good this time, and in November of Meiji 2, a serious fire broke out at the Mint. The factories and imported equipment that had been built at great expense were all burned out. The work of putting gold coins and banknotes in order had to be suspended. At the same time, the problem of the Taizheng official was also revealed. Due to the large number of non-convertible official notes. Its value has been declining. Although the official price is 100 taels, it is used as 100 taels. The real value slipped to 185 taels to 100 taels. Moreover, the official document is rough and easy to imitate. As a result, counterfeit banknotes are rampant. The forehead of the Taizheng official itself is also high. Therefore, the people generally have resistance to the Taizheng official document. There were even riots in some places because of the government's forced implementation of paper money. Faced with this situation, Okuma advocated the issuance of another type of small-denomination banknote, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, to promote the circulation of private currency. At a later date, the Mint was re-established to print new money in place of these temporary non-exchange notes. Okuma's proposal was put to rest the monetary chaos for the time being. However, counterfeit banknotes are still rampant, the people's trust in paper money is still insufficient, and the main currency in circulation is still gold and silver coins.
In order to deal with the currency problem, Okuma decided to fix the confusion of gold and silver coins first. In April of the 4th year of the Meiji era, Okuma contacted Tomohou of the fifth generation to urgently import machinery from Hong Kong, re-establish the mint, and hire foreign technicians. Official gold and silver coins, gold and silver dollars, and silver dollars are officially issued. On May 10, Meiji 4, the Ministry of Finance, led by Okuma, issued an ordinance. The fixed content is 2 points of pure gold, and the gold dollar weighing 1.5 grams is the standard positive gold, which is exchanged in decimal places. Introduce yuan, money and centi as exchange units and establish a gold standard. All other types of gold and silver coins were abolished and exchanged for standard gold and silver coins. This ordinance is Japan's first modern monetary law, the New Goods Ordinance. At the same time, the New Goods Ordinance also stipulates that silver coins are also made genuine according to the situation in the vicinity of Japan. In practice, however, Japan is on the silver standard. In response, Okuma has also developed a unique "silver trade coin" for foreign trade payments. The promulgation of the New Goods Ordinance greatly alleviated the monetary chaos and stabilized the economic situation. It has strengthened the financial foundation of the government. Then, with the advancement of gold and silver processing technology in Japan, the confusion of gold and silver coins was gradually and completely resolved. While stabilizing the order of the gold and silver coins, Okuma began to use the banknotes. After the Mint fire, Okuma, through Eiichi Shibusawa and Tomohiro Goshiro, commissioned the Chamber of Commerce of the North German Confederation to create a new currency layout. This new format is Meiji Tsuho, which is the first generation of yen. Meiji Tongbao has a high level of technology, and it is difficult to imitate. Moreover, this new currency has a very special meaning as a representative of the new era. After the rebuilding of the biko, Okuma and others actively introduced new printing techniques. Finally, in October of Meiji 3 (1871), the new technology was obtained. In April of Meiji 5, Meiji Toho, a new banknote of the new era, was officially issued. Although at the beginning, Meiji Tongbao was not smooth due to technical reasons, but with the continuous breakthrough of technology, the problem was finally solved. The issuance of standard gold and silver coins and Meiji Tongho marked the establishment of Japan's modern monetary order and played a decisive role in stabilizing the economy.
With the gradual stabilization of the economic order, financial problems have become increasingly prominent. The previous war expenses, the high feudal debts, the vassals' money, and the expenditure on the purchase of property and business...... And so on and so forth, all of which left the Meiji government's finances almost breathless. Because of the stability of the economic order and the reward for meritorious deeds, Okuma was appointed by the Meiji government as Daisuke Daisuke, and took over the money bag of the Meiji government, and took over the power alone. Okubo was forced to withdraw from the Ministry of Finance.
From 1869 onwards, through the help of his allies and his own unremitting efforts, Okuma gradually climbed to the position of a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Finance, and his power continued to expand. By 1873, Okuma had finally become the official secretary of the treasury and became the chief treasurer of the Meiji government. With the beginning of the movement to purchase property and develop industry, the situation of the rule of the three provinces gradually took shape. As one of the three provincial secretaries, Okuma's secretary of the treasury is a very popular minister. The promotion of railways and postal reform have attracted him even more attention. After Okubo withdrew from the Ministry of Finance and Okuma took over all the power of the Ministry, based on his position as a radical change and the position of the secretary of the treasury, he and the secretary of the treasury shouldered the important mission of transfusing blood for the movement of real estate and development. Therefore, Okuma urgently implemented a series of fiscal policies, which provided the indispensable and strong financial support for the purchase of real estate, and greatly promoted the development of modern industry in Japan.
But at the same time, behind this seemingly rapid development, there is a huge crisis.
"Even Okuma Jun said that Japan could not afford a foreign war, so it can be seen that it is really impossible to start a war with the Qing State." Ito Hirobumi smiled, "But I suppose Yamaguchi-kun and Saigo-kun won't agree, right?" ”
Thinking of his old rivals Touyama Aritomo and Saigo Takamori, Shigenobu Okuma's face showed anger, but it disappeared after a while.
Shigenobu Okuma is an easy-going person, and he rarely loses his temper. Probably influenced by her mother, who is a Buddhist. Okuma is always angry, and it will subside after a while. And when he is angry, he rarely speaks ill of him. Hirobumi Ito has seen him the angiest time, when he got into a quarrel with someone, Shigenobu Okuma just said "The other side is not the same!" (Go aside!) )。 This should be the most ruthless angry word Okuma Shigenobu has ever said.
"I'm not going to let them get their way." Shigenobu Okuma said calmly.