After receiving the request of the Hunan Provincial Government to formulate the Provincial Constitution, the scholars finally came up with a "Draft Constitution of Hunan Province" after studying it behind closed doors at Yuelu Academy for more than a month.

The fact that this draft constitution was able to come out is closely related to the theoretical support of scholars from the Progressive Party led by Liang Qichao. Liang Qichao has repeatedly reflected on the chaos since the founding of the Republic of China, and attributed it to a large extent to the "person-specific legislation" of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China: at that time, the revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen did not hesitate to sacrifice the intellectual justice of the constitutional text in order to restrain Yuan Shikai's ambition and reading talent, especially destroying the balance of power between the political axe and the parliament, and led to the "parliamentary reading of talent" in order to prevent the "president from reading talents". Liang Qichao's profound reflection, coupled with the good mentorship and friendship between him and the scholars of the Hunan Constitution Drafting Committee, was thus implemented in the "Draft Constitution of Hunan Autonomy".

Just as Liang Qichao just commented, the current draft constitution is really the best and most embarrassing constitution since the Republic of China. This draft constitution is not only full of idealism in constitutional government, and the political principles of "sovereignty resting with the people" and "checks and balances of rights" run through the entire text, but also fully takes into account the actual situation in Hunan and has strong pragmatic feelings.

"Since Zhuo Rudu said so, the draft can be submitted to the Constitutional Review Committee for approval." One scholar said.

"By the way, do you want to give General Xiao Yang a copy of this draft constitution, and let him take a look, the bad guy is the first to call to support Hunan autonomy." Another scholar suddenly suggested.

"Yes, if he hadn't secretly supported him this time, he wouldn't have been able to defeat the two scourges of Zhang Jingyao and Tang Tianxi with the strength of the Hunan army alone." Approval was expressed.

"That's as it should be." Liang Qichao remembered the handsome and modest young general at the banquet when Cai Yi was the east "drinking flower wine", and couldn't help but nodded.

"What if he doesn't agree?" Li Jiannong asked with a smile.

"I guess he will definitely agree, and he will find a way to ensure the implementation of this provincial constitution." Jiang Baili said suddenly.

"Oh? Why is Brother Baili so sure? One scholar asked curiously.

"We can't look at him in the ordinary light." As a soldier, Jiang Baili, who is full of scholarly elegance, said confidently, "If this provincial constitution can be implemented smoothly, he must have a share of credit." ”

Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi and Guangzhou.

In the living room, the two of them are engaged in a unique discussion.

"Can you tell me what the so-called 'new education' is? The opposite of the new education is the old education. What is the difference between the new education and the old education? ”

"What is the new education, in the eyes of ordinary people, it is nothing more than the new education is the school, and the old education is the imperial examination; The new education is the study of science, and the old education is the study of scriptures, history, children, collections, and so on. ”

"In fact, this difference is just a formal difference, what was valued in the imperial examination era was fame and being an official, and now the school is expensive with a diploma, and it is also an official, and the spirit is almost the same."

What Hanzhi just said cannot be regarded as a gap between the old and new education. You must know that the lecture on philosophy can be based on the scriptures and the classics of the hundred schools of thought, the ancient poems and texts below the "Book of Songs", and the study of history and sociology are inseparable from the research of ancient books. If we use the method of scientific research to study the classics, history, sub-collections, and collections, we cannot say that the textbooks of the classics, history, sub-collections, and collections are absolutely worthless. If we use the method of village pedants to study the scriptures, histories, sub-series, and collections, and memorize in vain a few formulas of numbers, theories, and chemistry, as well as the names of some animals, plants, and minerals, we don't know how much higher the value of such teaching materials can be compared with the classics, histories, sub-collections, and collections. ”

"What Zhonghua said is good, that's right."

"On the surface, in fact, the imperial examination and the school are only different in form, and the classics, history, sub-education, collection, and science are only different types of teaching materials, and it cannot be said that the imperial examination and the classics, history, sub-collection, and collection are the old education, nor can it be said that the school and science are the new education, and we must find out what is the difference between the old and new education. My opinion is that the old education represents subjective pedagogy, that is, the education of the individual, and its teaching method is didactic; Whereas the new education is objective, the educationalism of society, and its teaching methods should be heuristic; The doctrine of the old education was to make the educated into great individuals, sages, immortals, heroes, and scholars in accordance with the ideals of the educators. This is not the case with the new education, which focuses on improving society and does not focus on creating personal greatness. We should first discuss the great power of society and the individual in criticizing the merits of these two kinds of education. I think that the power of society is far greater than that of the individual, and that society can dominate the individual, but the individual cannot dominate society. ”

"Society can dominate the individual, but the individual cannot dominate society? I'm afraid I can't agree with this, in short, how great is the influence of Confucius on our Chinese nation? How great was the Indian nation influenced by Shakyamuni? And how great was the nation of Europa influenced by Jesus? How can it be said that the three great nations that dominate the world are completely dominated by the spirit of the three great individuals, and that the individual cannot dominate society, but that society can dominate the individual? ”

Hearing the other party say such a point of view, Yang Shuoming, who is a traverser, instinctively objected.

Yang Shuoming did not tell the other party that there was another person who had caused far more damage to China than the three examples he had just given.

"Hanzhi is really erudite and can hit the nail on the head." The middle-aged man sitting opposite Yang Shuoming said with a smile, "I don't know if Hanzhi has ever thought that although the thoughts of all nations in the world are dominated by these great individuals, why do we have Confucius in China?" Why didn't Confucius's ideas take place in India or Europe, but in China? On the other hand, why did the teachings of Shakyamuni and Jesus take place in India and Europe, but not in China? ”

"I don't know much about this, so please let Zhonghua know."

"Then I will tell Hanzhi that the reason why this is the case is because China's climate and land are suitable for agriculture, and as a result of the development of agriculture, familialism is developed; Confucius's doctrine and thought, and Confucius's ancestors described Yao and Shun thoughts, are completely based on familialism, the so-called husband and wife and then father and son, father and son and then monarch and minister, and husband and filial piety and sacrifice, all of which are the characteristics of familialism, it can be seen that Confucius's doctrine and thought were by no means invented by himself, and it is by no means accidental that Confucius's doctrine and thought happened in China, but it is China's land climate that causes China's industrial situation, and China's industrial situation causes China's social organization. The social organization of China shaped the pre-Confucius and Confucian ethical concepts. This is entirely the theory of Confucius that came into being in Chinese society, and it was by no means the theory of Confucius that gave rise to Chinese society. For example, India is in the tropics, and the people cannot resist natural oppression, and they are known to be pessimistic, so the schools of Ubanisha before Shakyamuni and the Hinayana and Mahayana schools after Shakyamuni are all completely pessimistic about the real world through the thoughts of the whole Indian nation; Shakyamuni Buddha is the product of this pessimistic nation, and it did not happen because of the pessimistic thinking of the Indians of Shakyamuni Buddha. As for Jesus' lack of clan and pessimism, it is also due to the fact that the land is close to the sea, which is convenient for trade, rich in free movement, and courageous in progress. I believe that if Jesus was born in China, he would have advocated the ethics of husband and wife, father and son, and kings and ministers, and if Confucius had been born in India, he would have been a pessimistic and misanthropic religious scholar, and if Shakyamuni had been born in Europe, he would have been a great man who advocated freedom and progress. Why? Because they live in a society that has the power to dictate their thoughts. ”

"I understand that the greatness of the individual among the peoples of the world, these three great figures, are still the products of society, and there is no need to discuss the others."

"For example, the African barbarians take the killing of their enemies as their morality, and the Indian women take suicide or martyrdom as their morality, and such personal morality, which they themselves must think is their personal greatness, is actually a kind of social vulgarity that causes their personal blind actions."

"Yes, it's like in a city, if public health is not particular, no matter how much attention is paid to individuals, the effect of epidemic prevention is always very small. Now in Nanning, there are many people who understand very well also sit in a sedan chair, I dare to say that even if the road is repaired and the traffic is convenient, even people who don't understand will not go to the sedan chair again. ”

This is true, and there are not many examples of individuals like this who are necessarily subject to the dictation of society. The hermits of the previous generation, the modern Xincun movement and the assassinations are all manifestations of the results of individualistic education. The first two are those who want to take an individual or a small group of people as a pioneer or model for reforming society, while the latter are those who want to get rid of some of the evils in society in order to achieve the goal of reforming society. In fact, they are all delusions, and they do not understand that the power of society to dominate the individual is very great. If we want to reform society, we must think about the general system of society, and adding one or two good elements will not make society good, and getting rid of one or two evil elements will not make society not evil. Conversely, in a good society, people with medium aptitude can do good, and in a wicked society, people with high aptitude tend to be accustomed to doing evil. For example, if we are now living under this capitalist system, can a person with high morals, no matter how moral, live without being dictated by capitalism? Society is almost a model of the individual, and the size of the circle changes with the model in the society, so I dare to say that if the society is not good, and the individual can be completely good, it is a deception. ”

Listening to the other party's words, Yang Shuoming couldn't help but be silent.

"I have repeatedly stated that the power of society to dominate individuals is greater than the power of individuals to dominate society, and I do not advocate that individuals do not need to work hard as long as they follow society; However, in the field of education, since we cannot deny that the power of society is greater than that of individuals, we should know that the focus of reform education is not on the individual. For example, if we pay attention to the individual, we can only get two or three points of effectiveness, that is, we can get seven or eight points of effectiveness, and our energy will not be used economically. The uneconomical use of energy reduces the effectiveness of education, which is the first drawback of the individualism of the old education. ”

"The second drawback of the individualism of the old education was that it reduced the effectiveness of the training. From practical experience, one can be seen in the many achievements of tutors. A child who is educated under a tutor, who may be superior to the school child in his subjects, but who is completely devoid of the knowledge and order of society and the public concept, has the best result but to develop a weak and perverse bookworm. Second, it can be seen in the performance of children in school. We often see that primary school students are quite lively, orderly, and gregarious when they are trained in school, and that the short period of training they receive in school is not effective as soon as they enter the family society, contrary to the school environment. Third, it can be seen in the results of students with a special degree or above. I know that there are many students who, when they are in school, have a very pure moral character, have noble aspirations, and are very hopeful young people, but once they leave school and enter society, they immediately become a person with no owner in their chests, and after a long time in society, they will become a hopeless evil person. This is all because individualistic education separates education from society, society from society, and education from education, resulting in the ineffectiveness of training. ”

"The third disadvantage of the individualism of the old education is that it reduces the effectiveness of academic applications. Education is a necessity, not a luxury, but the old education of individualism divides education and society into two things, society from society, education from education, students have become a special stage in society, school has become a special cause in society, and students and schools in the eyes of ordinary people in society are a kind of luxury, decorations, not things necessary for their lives. Society should be held responsible for this ill, and educators should be at least half responsible. Xiangnong students only know how to read lecture notes, but they have never planted an acre of land for farmers to see; Engineering students only know how to draw pictures in the lecture hall, but have not met the needs of industry in machinery and applied chemistry; Those who study minerals have memorized many foreign terms, but they are at a loss when they see local animals and plants; Those who study economics know some theories and copy down some statistics of foreign economies, but they have no idea about the local economic situation. Does this kind of education detached from society reduce the effectiveness of academic applications? Therefore, the society does not feel the need for education and does not believe in education, should educators be responsible? The only way to alleviate this ill is to integrate society and education, and all education is built on the needs of society, not on the cause of individual greatness, and no matter what schools for peasants and workers are set up and what subjects are set up for peasants and workers, they must meet the needs of the society where the schools are located and the various conditions of industry and transportation materials. That is, in terms of education in Guangdong, the silk industry near Guangzhou is quite prosperous, that is, sericulture schools should be established; tide, benefit the rich in seafood and fishery, that is, should set up an aquatic school; Bac Giang has many forests, that is, forest schools should be set up; If the forestry school is located in the coastal areas of Chao and Hui, and the fishery school is located in Bac Giang, it will violate the principle of social needs and reduce the effectiveness of academic application. ”

"The fourth disadvantage of the old education is that the individualism of the old education reduces the effectiveness of cultural popularization. The education of 'pure individualism' in ancient times was not only aristocratic, but also mystical. Generally speaking, scholars and literati who write books and theories should use the famous mountains of Tibet to pass on to future generations and create personal reputations for the purpose of making the mysterious and difficult to understand noble and easy to understand as shallow. At present, there are many well-educated international students who refuse to write and translate books, for fear that their reputation will be ruined, and it is precisely because of this bad habit of the ancient literati. The education of modern 'school individualism' is still inseparable from the aristocratic and mysterious old habits, and the spirit of this old habit can be fully expressed by the tiger head sign hanging at the front of the school: 'The school is important and idlers are exempted'. The concept of all schools in the new education is for society, not just for ordinary students. From universities to kindergartens, all libraries, testing grounds, and museums should be made public so that everyone in society can enjoy them, so that education and society can be integrated, and only in this way can society be a big school, and a school is a small society, and only in this way can a socialized school and a school-oriented society be created. At present, the phrase "the school is important and idlers are not allowed to enter" is clearly to separate the school from society, to clearly "school individualism" and "the retreat of the educational circles", and this kind of education has reduced the effectiveness of cultural popularization, which is also a clear thing. ”

"Listening to Zhonghua's words, you will know the shortcomings of China's current education." Yang Shuoming nodded with a sigh, and a trace of sadness flashed in his eyes.

At this time, Yang Shuoming, thinking of the current situation of education in the historical time and space where he was originally located, only felt heart-wrenching pain.

The words he heard just now actually came from the mouth of the "negative example" of the textbooks of later generations! And the truth expounded by these words, even if it is put in the world, is by no means outdated!

"If I criticize the teaching method, I can also see the fundamental difference between the old and new education, and how good and bad it is. In today's European and American education circles, there are a few very popular sayings: the education of the previous generation was that the teacher taught the student, and the modern education is the student teaching the teacher. This sounds strange at first, but in fact, it makes a lot of sense, and it is a different explanation of the teaching method of teaching and the teaching method of heuristics, which is the spirit of the new education! ”

"Not bad! This is like a doctor diagnosing a disease, he must carefully examine the patient's symptoms and the source of the disease before he can prescribe medicine, and the process and condition after taking the medicine cannot be ignored in the slightest. Yang Shuoming said, "Feeding babies is the same, according to the public's will to feed the baby is not possible, all rely on checking the baby's body temperature, blood needs, digestive function, to do the guidance of adults, and adults learn a lot of practical knowledge under this guidance, better than from books." A gentleman can gain a lot of experience and knowledge from his students, and he must learn enough experience and knowledge from his students to be able to educate his students, just like a doctor treats a sick and an adult feeds a baby. ”

(To be continued)