As early as 1699 (the 38th year of Kangxi), Bai Jin published the book "History of the Chinese Empire", the preface of which is full of objective information about China's political culture. Pen? Interesting? Pavilion wWw. ｂiquge。 Info argues that "Confucianism, after all, foreshadows the possibility of a general global morality; Chinese characters also hold the promise of a global language that transcends dialects and topography." These two aspects were later also used by the brilliant philosopher Leibniz.

From the middle of the 17th century onwards, most of the missionaries in China were French. They were highly educated, well-educated, had lived in China for a long time, and were familiar with Chinese literature, many of whom served in the Chinese court and were able to gain knowledge of China and its culture that no other traveler could have. They wrote a great deal about China, which was disseminated to the French and European public, which made the French know more about China than they knew about Europe. During this period, four Chinese books, including the Analects, the University (translated and published in France in 1662 under the name of The Wisdom of China), the Zhongyong (translated and published in Paris, France in 1663 under the name of Chinese Political Ethics), Mencius, and the Five Classics including the Book of Songs, the Book of Books, the Book of Changes, the Book of Rites, and the Spring and Autumn Period, as well as the Book of Music, the Book of Filial Piety, and the Book of Kindergartens, were translated into Western languages and distributed in the West.

After nearly 100 years of propagation by the Jesuits, from 1685 to 1789, a 100-year "Chinese cultural fever" was formed in Europe, and the University of Paris in France became the "center of Chinese cultural fever". China, Confucius, and Confucianism "gained unprecedented popularity in Europe." Although 18th-century France was the "century of England", China "seemed to be favored more than England". In 1769 it was written that "China is better known than some parts of Europe itself".

During this historical period, Europe was in the process of transition from a feudal society in the Middle Ages to a modern capitalist society. Before the arrival of a new historical period, it is necessary to have nearly 100 years of ideological preparation and gradually form new ideas and theories. The main feature of this stage of intellectual preparation was the integration of the new ideas of the Italian Renaissance and the Confucianism introduced to Europe by the Jesuits. According to Ronçon, the founder of French literary history, the period from 1680 to 1715 was a period of great change in the French social spirit when European civilization since the Renaissance merged with Chinese Confucianism, and then formed the Enlightenment thought.

In Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, there were a number of great thinkers who used to worship Chinese culture very avidly, such as: Voltaire, Leibniz, Feuerbach, Quenet, Goethe, ....... They "found, to their surprise, that more than two thousand years ago in China...... Confucius thought the same ideas in the same way and fought the same battles". So they regard Confucius's humanitarian values, democracy, equality, freedom, and fraternity as "a gift from heaven". Feuerbach also declared that for France to prosper, it must "replace Christian morality with Confucian morality." It was these Enlightenment scholars who loudly proposed to "transplant the spirit of China" to Europe. This shows that China's Confucianism has become an important source and basis for their democratic ideas of "freedom, equality, and fraternity." "Confucius became the patron saint of the Enlightenment scholars in the 18th century."

Voltaire, the great French philosopher, leader and mentor of the Enlightenment in the 18th century, praised Confucianism beyond words, and in his hands, Confucianism became an ideological weapon against theocracy, saying: "As a philosopher, to know what is happening in the world, you must first look at the East, which is the cradle of all learning, from which everything in the West comes." He was a critic who looked down on all traditional authorities, but he did not dare to underestimate Confucius, the traditional authority of China, but admired it to the extreme. He hung the portrait of Confucius in the house of worship day and night, and used Confucianism and culture as a weapon to attack the **** of Christianity. In his mind, Confucianism in China is a model of enlightened **** monarchy, where there is real freedom of belief, Buddhism, Taoism, and Lamaism can be preached freely, everyone is at peace, and the government only cares about social weathering and never stipulates folk religious beliefs. He also said that the Chinese are "the most rational of all people." Of course, Voltaire's admiration of Chinese Confucian culture was mainly to see a spirit of "freedom" (the embodiment of which was religious tolerance) that he rarely saw in European reality at that time. Voltaire also saw that Confucius, like the ancient sages of the West, had the creed of "do not do unto others as you would have them do unto you" or "establish others as you wish, and attain others as you wish", and "advocated not remembering old evils, not forgetting good deeds, fraternity, and humility", and that "his disciples were like brothers and sisters to each other." Obviously, this is the original meaning of "fraternity", and therefore it is closely related to the creeds of "freedom" and "equality".

Voltaire believed that the introduction of Chinese culture was a huge "culture shock" to Western culture, and the discovery of Chinese culture was a major event of equal significance to Western thinkers as the new discoveries made by Vasco da Gama and Columbus in the natural world. He said that when China had become a vast and prosperous country with a well-established and sensible system of governance, "we [European countries] were still a handful of wild men wandering in the Ardennes Forest"! He believes that the development of human civilization and science and technology all started with China, and it has been far ahead for a long time.

Voltaire even spoke out; France wants to be "fully Chinese"! He advocated that every Frenchman should take "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" as his motto.

In addition to Voltaire, the French philosopher Feuerbach, along with Diderot and Elvis, was the most outstanding representative of materialist philosophy in the French Enlightenment in the 18th century, and was the leader of the "Encyclopépa". They also all highly respected Confucianism. The German philosopher Leibniz also praised Confucianism in his "On Chinese Philosophy", and his philosophical ideas had an important influence on the philosophical ideas of the German philosophers Kant and Hegel.

By the time the Enlightenment of European philosophy began, Confucius had become a celebrity in Europe. A large number of philosophers, including Leibniz, Wolff, Voltaire, as well as a number of politicians and literati, used the name and ideas of Confucius to advance their ideas, and in the process they themselves were educated and influenced. In Britain, the introduction of Confucianism indirectly helped to abolish the hereditary aristocracy in England, and through the spread of the French, it indirectly influenced the development of American democracy.

And these are things that the clear streams of the well frog rat order don't know at all!

Lin Yizhe knew that he had served as Minister of Plenipotentiary Representations to Britain and France, had spent nearly two years in France and Britain, and had the right to speak on the political customs of Britain and France, so why not take advantage of this favorable condition to make a big article and seize the initiative in ********?

Since these "mainstays" of the Qing Empire in terms of ******** are so resistant to Western learning, let them take a good look and shoot themselves in the foot!

Thinking of this, Lin Yizhe was full of thoughts for a while, he immediately took the pen and paper and quickly began to write a draft.

It is from this moment that history has left the most meaningful comedy in China's modern history: in order to remove the ideological obstacles for China to learn from the West and break the obstruction of the conservative diehards, one of the most famous pioneers of China's modern history has taken up the ideological weapon that is also traditional theory!

The choice before him in history is nothing more than two things, one is to recognize that Western civilization is an advanced civilization, and in this way, it is necessary to force Chinese scholars to give up the traditional "Yixia concept" and give up the self-esteem and pride that have been insisted on for hundreds of thousands of years at the "civilized level", which is obviously impossible; The second is to find some kind of logic to incorporate this Western civilization into the traditional Chinese "Yixia" civilization system, affirming that "the teachings of the saints are universal" and "Western civilization is the fruit of China's 'holy religion'", and at the same time, "learn from the place where the Western country is carried forward and carried forward"!

Now Lin Yizhe has undoubtedly chosen the latter.

“…… Today, Britain and France know the foundation of benevolence and righteousness, and in order to become rich and strong, it is not due to the fact that they have been in China for a long time and have heard of the Holy Religion. ”

When Lin Yizhe put pen to paper and wrote down such words, in another foreign official building, Hong Jun instructed his servants to post the big-character poster he had just written accusing Li Hongzao of violating the teacher's way and announcing his separation from the teacher's door, and instructed the servants to stick it on the wall outside.

"Teacher, that Hongtao...... Hong Jun really dares to say something crazy about this? Wu Dacheng looked at Li Hongzao, who was lying on the bed and was dying, and asked angrily.

It was only when he received a request from Li Hongzao's servant yesterday that he learned that Hong Jun had announced in a high-profile manner that he had left Li Hongzao's sect and that Li Hongzao was already ill. And when he was about to go to the Li Mansion to visit, Hong Jun's servant sent a "letter of renunciation" written by Hong Jun to him, Wu Dacheng was furious, and he was about to go over to reason with Hong Jun immediately, but he was worried about the safety of his teacher, so he arrived at the Li Mansion first, and on the way to the Li Mansion, he met Chen Baochen again, and when he asked, he knew that Chen Baochen had also received such a letter of renunciation!

Li Hongzao raised his head slightly from the bed and wanted to open his mouth to speak, but when the words came to his mouth, they turned into a heavy sigh. Then his head fell heavily on the pillow, and for a moment he burst into tears.

"This Hong Jun is simply a deception...... Teacher! ......" Chen Baochen, who came with him, saw Li Hongzao crying, and retracted the words "deceive the teacher and destroy the ancestors" in the back.