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Democracy in the United States was learned from France, and then the French also needed to learn democracy from the Americans. And it was this young Frenchman named Alexis de Tocqueville who introduced American democracy to the French. Is there a Tocqueville in France and a Tocqueville in China?

Tocqueville should not be a personal name, but a symbol. He symbolizes that no matter how great a country or nation is, there is a great need to learn from other countries and peoples. Or, to put it more precisely, no matter how great a tradition may be, it can still learn from that tradition the essence of that tradition that can be enriched and renewed by other peoples.

“…… Revolutions do not always happen because people's conditions are getting worse. Most often, people who have endured the most unbearable laws and rules are violently discarded as soon as they are relieved of their pressure. The most dangerous moment for a bad government is usually the moment when it begins to reform. People patiently endure suffering, believing it to be inevitable, but when someone comes up with an idea to abolish it, it becomes unbearable. When suffering lessens, people's sense of suffering becomes more acute......"

“…… After the revolution, it seems that only the people have benefited from the mistakes and mistakes of all their masters, but even if they truly break free from the rule of their masters, they will not be able to free themselves from the shackles of all kinds of erroneous ideas, evil customs, and bad tendencies that have been instilled in them by their masters or absorbed by them......"

“…… The bravery of the revolutionaries has developed to the point of madness, they are accustomed to anything new, and they disdain any cautiousness. These new men must not be regarded as temporary, isolated, ephemeral creations, who henceforth become a race, scattered throughout all the civilized regions of the earth, from generation to generation, and everywhere maintaining the same appearance, the same passion, the same character......"

During Tocqueville's lifetime, his writings appeared in thirteen editions in French alone, and seventeen after his death, and there are still two complete editions. Since then, a total of 10 languages have been translated into English, German, Dutch, Hungarian, Italian, Danish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Serbian, etc., and some countries have more than one translation and more than one publication, and there are more than 60 English versions in Britain and the United States.

In Japan, in the 14th to 15th year of the Meiji era (1882-1883), Tatsuka Hizuka published the title of the book "The Original Theory of Freedom" from the English translation. As for the Chinese translation, it was not until 1968 that Qin Xiuming and others of the Hong Kong Today World Society translated and published it, but this translation was not a full translation, and all the notes were deleted.

Therefore, the words translated from Chen Wenqiang's mouth, hearing Zou Rong's ears, bubbling from his pen, brought him a new feeling, the kind of thorough and enlightening understanding from the surface to the inside.

Tocqueville's perceptive insight enumerated the vast amount of information he had gathered. In particular, the French Revolution, when the original feudal system collapsed, did not bring the expected results of the revolution, which led to the openness of the contradictions between the rulers and the people, the intensification of social turmoil, and the continuous violent and bloody movements, which gave Zou Rong a lot of shock.

"Well, I'm not a professional translator, and it's inevitable that I'll make mistakes." Chen Wenqiang put down the book and laughed at himself: "But the gist of it should not be wrong." It is relatively easy to arouse revolutionary enthusiasm in a time of great national crisis, but there are few theorists like Tocqueville, who can think calmly and have thorough insight. For example, the French Revolution, which was originally intended to pursue freedom, equality, and democracy, sent the emperor to the guillotine, but the result was full of violence and terror, and ended in dictatorship, which was almost a tragedy. ”

Zou Rong thought for a while and said, "Since it is a revolution, how can there be a successful one without bloodshed?" I have always been interested in learning from Tan Jun, I would rather sacrifice than be ashamed to retreat, how can my husband not have the courage to take responsibility? ”

Chen Wenqiang shook his head and said: "You are pedantic, you needlessly died under the Manchu butcher's knife, you are a man?" Neck to be killed, only those who feel that they deserve their sins, and who are innocent of death, will do so. Do you feel guilty, or do you feel that you deserve to be judged? ”

"The revolution is not guilty." Zou Rong replied very dryly.

"That's not the end of it." Chen Wenqiang spread his hands and said: "Only by leaving a useful body can you do great things." Why is this so difficult to understand? If you are ashamed to retreat at every turn, and you are responsible at every turn, will the revolutionary party at home have to write on the door of your head, and will all those abroad come back and turn themselves in? Sacrifice is inevitable, but it must always be worthwhile! If your mind turns a corner, then do as I say, the "Revolutionary Army" only signs a pen name, publishes, prints and disseminates, and I will arrange it. ”

Zou Rong thought about it, nodded helplessly, and said, "Okay, just do what Brother Chen wants." ”

"Put the book away first, I'll dictate, and you can write a letter for me in Japanese." Chen Wenqiang saw that Zou Rong was convinced, so he diverted the topic.

The drug has been researched, but it has encountered difficulties in validation. What has the potential to change the situation is the discovery of treponemal, the causative agent of syphilis. At the same time, the Japanese bacteriologist Hachiro Hachiro found a way to infect rabbits with Treponema pallidum.

I hope that as long as Qin Sahachiro can apply for the job, or help verify whether these dozen derivatives are effective, the new drugs will be able to be selected from them.

Of course, Chen Wenqiang is also mentally prepared to be rejected. If that's the case, he's going to take the last step and test the medicine with people. According to the situation at that time, not to mention China, there was no special legal regulation for clinical trials in the world. Therefore, in the name of free treatment, it is possible to find the experimenter.

It's cruel and inhumane to say, but it's unavoidable when a new medicine is launched. Even in later generations, with the rule that "medical research can only be carried out when the subject population can benefit from the results of the research", many clinical trials do not respect or even infringe on the subject's right to informed consent, and even conceal the risks of drugs, explain unclearly, or only reach verbal informed consent. Every year, thousands of people die worldwide during or after clinical trials of new drugs.

For people who are terminally ill or sick to death, there is a glimmer of hope and do not want to let go. Nine times out of ten, the consideration of the toxic side effects of drugs will be put on the back burner. If it is cured, it will be picked up, and if it is not cured, it will be accepted. Such thoughts should be a very normal thing.

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