Bismarck was bound to take advantage of this wave of euphoria. Delegations from Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg and Hesse have arrived in Berlin www.biquge.info begin negotiations on the formation of a new German Union. Negotiations were sometimes quite difficult, and when the Württemberg delegation returned to Stuttgart to receive new instructions. Baden and Hesse did not pose any difficulties, and Bismarck did not want Württemberg or Bavaria to destroy the North German Confederation, but was ostensibly prepared to make some concessions to Bavaria in order to isolate Württemberg and ensure that all four states joined a German union. Bavaria could have its own army in peacetime, had an independent postal service, and in addition served as the permanent chairman of a foreign affairs committee. Hesse and Baden agreed to join the alliance. Eight days later, Bavaria and Württemberg joined the alliance. Only the status and name of the new union have yet to be determined.

In the weeks that followed, the tension and nervousness in King Wilhelm's base camp did not abate. King Wilhelm was tired of the intrigues of the nation, and he longed for his royal palace in Berlin and the palace in Babelsberg. He had trouble sleeping, and had nightmares in which the French army forced him to flee east (as had happened to him when he was nine years old when he was forced by the army of Napoleon I).

A formal armistice was soon reached, according to which both sides withdrew their troops from each other's territory and released the prisoners. The Prussian army was the first to begin withdrawing from the Chalond front, followed by the French, and a month later, the Prussian army withdrew all of its troops into the country, and the French army regained all the occupied territories.

In Prussia, after receiving the order to withdraw and return home, Guba also began to reorganize his military horses and return to China. Just as the Prussians had taken a large amount of supplies when they retreated from France, the French army swept away all the valuable things they could take with them in the occupied territories. The difference was that the French Zuaf Regiment had taken with them a large number of good-eyed Prussian boys when they were evacuated, and despite many protests, they were unable to prohibit it. And to the embarrassment of the relatives of these Prussian boys, many of them went with their Zuaf lover of their own free will (was it blown out of the senses?). ）。 After the French army withdrew, the mayor of Hamburg, who had exchanged ** for boys, was taken to court by angry people and finally thrown into prison for treason.

After the withdrawal of the Prussian troops from France, the two sides continued to negotiate, this time in Metz. After months of repeated bargaining between France and Prussia, peace was finally reached through British mediation. On May 28, 1871, the two sides signed a peace treaty, known as the Treaty of Metz.

The main contents of the "Treaty of Metz" were: France and Prussia kept their pre-war borders unchanged, neither side would make any economic compensation to the other, Prussia promised not to participate in the question of the succession to the Spanish throne, France promised not to make any territorial or throne claims to Belgium, and not to interfere with the accession of the four southern German states to the North German Union. The newly formed United States of Germany, which France will pledge to recognize, "a complete peace between the two countries, no longer hostile to each other." ”

With the signing of the Treaty of Metz, the Franco-Prussian War officially ended, and the European continent ushered in a new historical era.

For this war, both warring sides declared themselves victors, and Napoleon III then held a grand triumphal ceremony in Paris, in which the emperor and empress, dressed in splendid military uniforms, rode in golden four-wheeled chariots and marched along the Champs-Lysées with thirty thousand warriors dressed in Praetorian uniforms, passing through the Arc de Triomphe. The Emperor and Empress were greeted with the cheers of their subjects along the way, and it was an unprecedented spectacle. The whole of Paris was in a festive mood, but in the evening there was a discordant episode: several socialists broke into the office of the Reich Chancellor Thiers and tried to assassinate him, but were stopped in time by the security guards who believed that Thiers had been too weak in the negotiations with the Prussians, and that "France had gained nothing in this costly imperialist war for hegemony", and that both the socialists and nationalists hoped that the war would continue. But Thiers ruthlessly shattered their hopes.

At this point, the Prussians were much more rational than the French, and no one wanted a resumption of war. When Bismarck returned to Berlin with the armistice, the House of Representatives immediately met to approve it. Long and Wadsey - for this purpose - fully abide by the terms of the agreement, and do nothing to provoke the emotions of the French. The ceremony of the victory of the Prussian army was canceled, except that Kaiser Wilhelm received a cannon salute from the army as he passed through the streets of Berlin, which was certainly not a triumph. It is said that after the peace treaty was signed, perhaps in order to understand the attitude of the French towards the Prussians after the peace treaty was concluded, Bismarck made a quiet visit to Paris, walking the streets of the city like a traveler. A few young boys whistled mockingly, and one worker made a sneering remark against him, though it appeared that it was directed at a Prussian, not specifically at the Prime Minister. Bismarck asked a passer-by to smoke his cigar, who took the cigarette from his mouth because he did not want to waste a match for a Prussian. This was Bismarck's last visit to Paris. The next day, Bismarck crossed the border and returned to Prussia by train, never to set foot on French soil again.

The Franco-Prussian War broke the relatively stable balance of power in Europe and changed the balance of power among the European powers, thus exacerbating the contradictions between the powers and prompting them to readjust their relations with each other.

The main result of the Franco-Prussian War was that France, the former hegemon of the European continent, and Prussia, the emerging military power, were weakened to varying degrees, and Prussia did not achieve the goal of unifying Germany through this war. The war intensified the mutual hostility between France and Prussia, and a dangerous source of war emerged in the heart of Europe.

The Franco-Prussian War had a far-reaching impact on the history of war in Europe and even in the world, and military scientists held that although France was superior to Prussia's conscripts in terms of the quality of its standing army, it had poor war planning and an unreasonable army establishment. Logistics supplies are backward, and operational command is chaotic. The Prussian army had a well-planned war plan and sufficient soldiers; Mobilize and assemble quickly; Superior equipment to the French army - After the Prussian army physically tested the superiority of the French Chasebo rifles, the Prussian army withdrew its troops beyond the range of the French infantry and attacked the French army with superior Krupp steel rifled guns.

The Franco-Prussian War showed that it was not easy for an army to get close to the enemy, and the Prussian infantry attacked the French positions, and the French light cavalry attacked the Prussian positions, both of which suffered heavy casualties. The Prussian army won in the early stages of the war because of its artillery on the one hand, and its superiority in strength on the other, which allowed them to use flank encirclement tactics. Moreover, Prussia's railway network was of great military importance. A British military scientist said: "The superior transport capacity of the German railway system was a powerful factor in its victory in the early stages of the war." "In the battles of the Franco-Prussian War, it was difficult to win a frontal attack, and it was necessary to mobilize superior forces to outflank the enemy from both flanks. The mobilization of a large number of troops for outflanking requires rapid mobilization of troops, and the transport capacity must keep up. Prussia's well-developed railway network not only made it possible to quickly transport large numbers of troops to the front and assemble them in the area of operations, but also to replenish the supply of troops in a timely manner. Compared to Prussia, France has a large gap in railway transport capacity. When the war broke out, it failed to mobilize sufficient forces in a timely manner. Due to the full and effective use of its own railway transport capacity, the North German coalition led by Prussia always had a considerable advantage in terms of the number of soldiers involved in the war.

The French Army's performance in this war was lackluster, and the success of Charlon's defensive operations was largely due to the successful use of the Lifei platoon gun equipped by the French army, of course, after summing up countless bloody lessons (the contribution of a certain Chinese is cruelly ignored here). The French also initially thought that platoon guns would be a weapon that would help them win. But later battles showed that the results of this confidence were catastrophic. The platoon guns in the open position with the French artillery immediately became a striking target and were completely destroyed by the Prussian artillery. Fortunately, the stubborn French learned their lesson in time, and instead of continuing to engage their platoon guns and artillery at the same time, they used them as support fire for the infantry and placed them in strong defensive positions, so that the Prussian Krupp cannons could not destroy them as effortlessly as before, but they could inflict great damage on the charging Prussian cavalry. With the help of the Lifei rifle, the French army successfully withstood the offensive of the Prussian army in defensive battles again and again. The French found that such machine guns, as long as they were deployed in a protected position and fired at the shortest possible distance, always achieved good results. The newspapers of Paris often had images of charging Prussian soldiers being knocked down like weeds by bullets fired from a platoon of guns - in fact these were not imaginary sights, they were real things that happened on the battlefield. In the Battle of Chalon, the Prussian infantry suffered a heavy blow in front of the French platoon guns. Under the blow of the platoon of guns, the Prussians even lost their proud Krupp field artillery to retreat.

For the French platoon guns, Prussia, as one of the belligerents, the point of view was clearly hidden behind tinted glasses. In the Franco-Prussian War, the Prussian army was equipped with very few rapid-fire weapons such as platoon guns, and in order to maintain the morale of the troops under the new weapons of the opponent, the Prussian army deliberately belittled the effectiveness of the French platoon guns. The Prussian army called the platoon guns of their French opponents "hell-watching machines." Although they "strategically despised the enemy," the Prussian army did not forget to "attach importance to the enemy tactically," and they regarded the French platoon as an important threat, and the Prussian artillery always made the French platoon positions a priority target for strikes.

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