Tomorrow is 515, the anniversary of the starting point, and the day with the most benefits. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info In addition to the gift bag and school bag, this time the 515 red envelope must be turned over to see, how can the red envelope not rob the reason, set the alarm clock ang~

Speaking of Ma Jiajun's roots in the northwest, it can be said that it has a long history. As far back as the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were five horses in the northwest: Ma Anliang, the governor of Gansu, Ma Fuxiang, the protector of Ningxia, Ma Qi, the guard of Ninghai, Ma Tingxiang, the guard of Liangzhou, and Ma Xun, the guard of Ganzhou. These five horses were the main force of the Gan army under the leadership of Dong Fuxiang, a cadre of Cixi's party in the late Qing Dynasty.

In history, the Ma Jiajun began to develop independently from the establishment of the Ning Navy by Ma Qi, and before the National Army entered the Qingqing, the strength was only more than 3,000 people. But now, this local family army, which is famous in history and dominates Qinggan, has no such opportunity.

Indeed, as Duan Qirui said, the soldiers and horses of the three routes all want to fight for miraculous feats, especially the east and west offensives are the most fierce.

In Heilongjiang Province, Zhang Zuoxiang, Wu Junsheng, and Ma Long Tan were combined into the East Route Army, with Lan Tianwei as the commander-in-chief. Shengfu, the head of the Erut Banner, the head of the Chen Balhu Banner, and Cheng De, the head of the Zasolun Banner, mobilized more than 1,000 Mongolian soldiers from nearby banners to resist stubbornly. More than 2,000 horsemen and infantry of the Russian army, carrying six cannons, entered the city of Hulun in the name of protecting the embassy and helped the rebels defend the city. The two sides engaged in fierce battles under the city for several days.

Under the city of Kobdo, the Western Route Army has assembled two mixed brigades and a mixed cavalry regiment. As soon as the forces were strong, the Chinese army immediately launched a siege battle. For a time, artillery fire was continuous, guns and bullets were flying, and the rebels who were defending the city and waiting for reinforcements resisted desperately, and the two sides launched a bloody battle.

There are a total of 17 Mongolian banners in Kobdo, all of which are Erut Mongol tribes. Feud with the Khalkhas, who advocated separatism. Outer Mongolia was "independent", and the flags of Kobdo refused to obey, and Jebtsundamba had sent many people to lobby before, and these lobbyists were captured by the flags and sent to the counselor minister Puhe, and they were beheaded for public display. Now the government army and the rebels are fighting in Kobdo, and the Mongolian people of the Seventeen Banners have come to help. All of a sudden, the strength of the government army was strengthened.

On the one hand, Kulen's Outer Mongolian group sent 3,000 rebels under the command of the Turghut Lama Danbi Zhanchan as marshal and Russian officers as advisers to Kobdo for reinforcements; On the other hand, more than 2,000 rebels led by Haishan and Tauktaohu were sent to march from Wulianghai to the Burgen River, intending to divide their troops into a detour to cut off the rear road of the government troops entering Kobdo.

The war began to escalate.

War has always been synonymous with death throughout the ages, and if you start a war, you have to pay a great price, even the strength of the whole country! So there is not enough reason for few people to start a war easily!

To start a war, of course. There will be many reasons for this. interests, sovereignty, resources, and even to see who is unhappy, it is okay to fight a dozen and raise the public opinion of the country!

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, everything was in ruins, and war was not the first choice. But whether you want to or not is one thing. When the enemy is approaching, you can't help but rise up to fight.

From the Opium War to the present. China, which has always lost its power and humiliated the country, should not only give the world a new look through this just battle to safeguard the country's territorial integrity and sovereignty and independence. It is all the more necessary to wash away the inferiority complex and cowardice that have long shrouded the people through this war, and to reorganize and integrate soldiers and horses from all walks of life, so that the army will form a temperament of daring to fight and be brave, and will unite the patriotic enthusiasm of the whole country.

The state was established though. But is there any country in the world that really takes China seriously? And after this war, the whole world has to look at China with admiration, forcing them to change their previous strategies and thinking. In a certain sense, just like the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea in history, China's international status must go through war. It is only through bloody sacrifice that one can ascend.

The conquest of Outer Mongolia also tested the new government's ability to organize, govern, and prestige among the people. As a rehearsal for dealing with a large-scale war, the problems that arise in various links are not only a test, but also a rare accumulation of experience.

The issuance of 100 million yuan of war bonds, the operation of the Yazhou, Jinling, Shijing, Chenzhou, and other arsenals at full capacity, the intense progress of conscription work, and the surging morale of the people are all showing the strong determination of the new government and China's indomitable will to safeguard its territorial sovereignty at any cost.

Russia obviously lacked sufficient psychological preparation for the unusually tough Chinese government, and the indomitable offensive momentum of the Chinese army, which received strict orders from the government and received economic and military aid from the United States and Germany, as well as popular support, was even more unexpected for Russia.

The offensive and defensive battles of Kobdo and Hulun were fought in bloody flesh and blood, and the Chinese army had no intention of throwing a rat trap at all, and it was not negotiable to fight you if you were a Russian or a Mongolian, and to stop our military operations. In terms of artillery and machine guns, the Chinese expeditionary Mongolian army, which was assisted by the United States and Germany and garrisons in various parts of the country, had a great advantage, while Kobdo and Hulun were already in danger.

There is an old Chinese saying that the fiercest is actually the most cowardly! This phrase is the most apt way to describe Russia.

Russia used both soft and hard tactics to force the Outer Mongolian separatist clique to cancel "independence" and change it to autonomy. and to the central government asking for negotiations.

Then, it brazenly offered mediation, on the following terms: Russia recognizes Outer Mongolia as an inalienable part of China's territory and retains all of China's historical rights; China undertakes not to change the original local autonomy system of Outer Mongolia, allowing Outer Mongolia the right to organize armaments and police, and not allowing non-Mongolian people to "colonize" Outer Mongolia. Russia allowed no troops, officials, or colonizations in Outer Mongolia, except for the consular office and the consular guard; In the future, if Russia and Mongolia sign a treaty, they must first obtain permission from the Chinese government, and so on.

The Chinese government unceremoniously rejected Russia's mediation on the simple grounds that he was no longer qualified to mediate in view of Russia's poor performance in the Outer Mongolia issue.

Subsequently, the government forces on the east and west roads began a more fierce attack, Kobdo was the first to be broken, more than 3,000 rebels were all annihilated, more than 100 Russian troops were killed and wounded, and the rest fled to the consulate and survived; Then, the city wall of Hulun was bombarded by government artillery for more than ten kilometers, and Chinese soldiers swarmed in, killing more than 1,000 rebels and Russian soldiers who did not enter the consulate.

Another piece of news shocked the Outer Mongolians and the Russians even more: the Chinese Army's Central Route Army suddenly dispatched a mixed infantry and artillery brigade of more than 5,000 people, carrying more than 3,000 horse-drawn baggage, and a reconnaissance airship to attack Outer Mongolia from Erenhot in Inner Mongolia. Conquered Zamyn-Uud and Sainshanda one after another. Advance rapidly along the Zhangku Highway and go straight to Kulun.

"This is a naked threat of war, this is a violation of Russia's dignity, and this is a challenge to Russia's bottom line." Kupenschi roared, waving his arms vigorously to strengthen his tone, "Our government has ordered the Irkutsk Military District to send troops. And mobilize troops in Europe to meet the arrogant Chinese on the battlefield. ”

"Mr. Minister, it is very inappropriate for your country to mobilize European troops at this time." British Minister Zhu Erdian said solemnly: "The Outer Mongolia issue cannot affect the principles of the Triple Entente, this is the advice of the British Imperial Government. ”

"It's time to end this senseless war." The French minister, with a rare grim face, issued a stern warning, "The French Government does not want your country to spend our aid on the Far East, if you want to have a decent result." Britain and France are willing to act as mediators to end the rivalry between China and Russia. ”

The Russian minister, Kupenschi, gasped, sat down on the sofa for a while, and said with some weakness: "Decent results? Mr. Minister, can you elaborate? ”

The Russian government's finances have been in a terrible situation, relying heavily on the aid and support of Britain and France, and what he has just said is nothing more than a bluff, and Russia really wants to prepare for a big war. It will take at least three more months.

And, too, Kupenschi knows. This is indeed not the time for Russia to focus its energies on the Far East. Because, the Moroccan crisis broke out, and Britain, France, and Russia had to unite to face Germany.

In the spring of 1911, a popular uprising broke out in Fez, the capital of Morocco, against the Sudanese and French invaders. France seized the opportunity to occupy Fez and other cities under the pretext of protecting its nationals. In the same month, Germany demanded from France the partition of part of the French African colonies as compensation. But it was rejected by France.

As a result, Germany has now made a move that shocked the world and suddenly made the international situation tense. A few days ago, under the pretext of protecting the lives and property of German businessmen, the German government sent the gunboat "Leopard" to suddenly sail into the port of Agadir on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. And aim the guns at the city.

The French ambassador in Berlin met with the German Foreign Minister, and the two sides wanted to negotiate, but they could not give in. Germany then sent the cruiser Berlin to Agadir. War is on the verge of breaking out.

Historians call this war crisis "the leap of the leopard". Britain considered the anchorage of German warships in Agadir to be a threat to British maritime supremacy, fearing that once Germany occupied Agadir, it would establish a military base along the Atlantic coast and threaten its own interests.

Britain's relations with Germany had long been strained by the arms race. Under the leadership of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany began to build dreadnoughts in large numbers in the 1890s, which Britain saw as an attempt to challenge his maritime supremacy.

When the British discovered that the German warships had only arrived in Agadir, they mistakenly thought that the Germans wanted to turn the port into a German military port in the Atlantic. As a result, relations between the two sides became more strained, and Britain supported France under the Anglo-French Entente. In fact, Germany's move was only to seek compensation from France for its monopoly on Morocco.

The emergence of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente showed that the era of the balance of power in Europe since the Vienna Peace Conference had officially come to an end, and a new era of alliance had dawned.

On the surface, this change seems to be moving towards a kind of equilibrium, but in fact international peace is walking a dangerous tightrope, and one careless person may fall into the abyss. This also gave international relations from 1905 to 1913 a little bit of a thrilling flavor. Every crisis sows the seeds of suspicion and resentment, making the outbreak of war more likely.

"Your country is now not only unable to draw troops from Europe, but must continue to strengthen the forces of the army there." Zhu Erdian said in a deep voice: "With all due respect, the equipment of your country's army is really not flattering, and the industrialization process is also developing slowly. In the event of a war in Europe, the British Empire government was very worried about whether your country would be able to contain one of Germany's legs. ”

"The French government shares the same concerns." The French minister chimed in: "There is no hope that the railway to the German border will be completed in your country, and the military industry and transportation are also very bad. I don't see why your country should waste money and weapons to support the fools of Kulen, who take your money and use your weapons, and yet they are still colluding with Japan, which is really infuriating. ”

A small number of people in the Outer Mongolian traitorous clique fantasized about the establishment of a "Great Mongolian State" and were extremely dissatisfied with Russia's refusal to allow the annexation of Inner Mongolia and the suppression of independence, and attempted to establish ties with Japan.

First of all, Chelin Zimidt carried a letter from Jebtsundamba to the Emperor of Japan, intending to make a detour to Japan via Hailar, but without success. Then, Kodama of Japan's South Manchurian Railway official went to Kulen to conduct activities and negotiate with Hangda Dorji and other secret merchants. Jebtsundamba wrote another letter to the Emperor of Japan, sending someone to Petersburg and ordering Namu Suren to hand it over. Who would have thought that the wooden bag Suren would give this letter to Russia in a daze.

Russian Foreign Minister Shachanov received this important top-secret letter, and if he had found a treasure, he specially ordered the Russian ambassador to Japan to send it to Foreign Minister Makino as ironclad evidence to expose Japan's violation of the secret treaty between Japan and Russia, which made the Japanese Government embarrassed.

Shachanov's trick not only embarrassed Japan, but also made the traitorous clique in Outer Mongolia make a fool of themselves, making them realize that there was no way out but to act as a puppet of Russia in despair. In his report to the Tsar, Shachanov triumphantly said: "I have tried to make Namussuren realize that this is a lesson in the political activities of the naïve Mongol government. ”

Kupenschi had to admit that, as the British and French ministers said, the comprehensive national strength of Russia and Germany was indeed not on the same level.

Although Russia began to carry out the reform of the social system during the time of Peter the Great, this series of reform measures was only necessary to deal with the serious social crisis of the society at that time, with strong feudal remnants and serious incompleteness. Up to now, compared with the great powers, Russia is still a poor agricultural country, with a serious lack of industrial development, and the tyrannical rule of the tsar has made the life of the Russian people extremely miserable, and there is a serious crisis in society.

The unification of Germany by the Kingdom of Prussia created a stable political environment. Since then, Germany has seized the opportunity of the second scientific and technological revolution, developed rapidly economically and militarily, and gradually developed into the most powerful country on the European continent.

But as there is a saying in China: to die is to save face and suffer to be sinned. Russia also belongs to this category, Europe is inferior to Germany, and in the Far East, it is uncomfortable to be cut by China again.

Seeing that Kupenschi was silent, the British Minister Zhu Erdian continued: "I can go to the Chinese government with Mr. French Minister to discuss the Outer Mongolia issue and test their bottom line. At the same time, persuade them to back down somewhat, so that China and Russia can move towards peace. This is something that is beneficial to both parties. ”

ps. 5.15 Red envelope rain at the starting point! Starting at 12 noon, grab a round every hour, and a large wave of 515 red envelopes depends on luck. You all go and grab it, and the starting coins you grabbed continue to subscribe to my chapters! (To be continued.) )