Werther listened to Bernstein's inquiries and knew that Bernstein's ideas had begun to change at this time, but in fact, Bernstein's ideas had changed in 1874 when the German Social Democratic Labor Party was merged. Pen Fun and Cabinet www.biquge.info this view until the beginning of 1879, when he formed the "Zurich Trio" with Hersiberg and Schramm, and published the article "A Review of the German Socialist Movement, the Critical Motto of the Trio", in which he proposed that "socialism should follow the legal road of reform". This article caused an uproar in the entire European socialist movement at that time, so it was criticized by Marx and Engels, and Bernstein went to London in December 1880, accompanied by Bebel, to confess his mistake to Marx and Engels, and Bernstein became an "orthodox Marxist" again.

"Mr. Bernstein, there are certain laws in the development of human society, but they are not immutable, and in some cases, the influence of the combination of external and internal factors is enough to change this process to a certain extent." "Although there is now a great gap between the economic and industrial aspects of Russia and the developed capitalist societies of Western Europe," Witte replied. However, the people in Russia have awakened and can no longer bear the oppression of the upper strata, and the widespread spread of Marxism in Russia has also strengthened the people's confidence in resisting oppression to a certain extent. Externally, as the arms race unfolded among various countries, the Russian government continued to oppress the people in order to increase its military strength, and the socialist movements abroad rose one after another. All these conditions proved that Russia already had the basis for the overthrow of the reactionary regime by revolutionary means. ”

Bernstein sneered: "You mean that Mr. Marx was wrong in his original judgment? ”

"Mr. Marx's assertion is not wrong, but it is only a judgment made under the circumstances of the countries at that time. As I have just said, time is progressing, everything can change, and all we have to do is to keep pace with the times, constantly develop Marxism, and ultimately strive for the liberation of all mankind. Werther replied.

Bernstein said: "Vasya, if there is a revolution in Russia at this stage and the overthrow of the current regime, what are you going to do after you come to power? And how to develop the economy? ”

"The first stage I call it the socialist revolution, that is, the use of revolutionary violence to overthrow the reactionary regime, unite all the oppressed classes to transform the old aristocratic class, and eliminate exploitation to a certain extent; The second stage was the period of transitional construction after the revolution, which required the formulation of a corresponding economic policy in accordance with the basic conditions of Russia at that time. In light of the current situation in Russia, I have a general idea -- to formulate a unified planning policy, open the market to trade, encourage national capital, develop state-owned enterprises, and introduce foreign capital. In order to develop the economy during the transitional period, it is necessary to allow the development of private capital to a certain extent, so as to improve the livelihood of the people and solve the current economic difficulties of Russia. Witt said.

Bernstein fell silent after hearing this, but Zetkin asked: "After the success of the revolution, if private capital is allowed to develop, does not it also allow the existence of the system of exploitation?" The capitalists will certainly continue to oppress the working class in pursuit of profits, and socialism, as a higher social system than capitalism, should eliminate the system of exploitation and realize an equal social system. ”

Witte replied: "The highly developed capitalist countries of Europe, after more than 100 years of development, have a relatively strong economic foundation. On the other hand, Russia is still in a period of low-speed development, and has not yet been liberated from the feudal system, and the lords and aristocratic classes in various places have played a certain positive role in economic development, but they have also hindered Russia's accelerated transformation to capitalism. Therefore, in the future, after the success of the revolution, in order to develop the people's livelihood, we will have to linger in the initial stage of socialism, and at this stage we will not only retain some private enterprises, but also allow them to develop and expand.

Of course, as a socialist country, we will pass legislation, make regulations, require capitalists not to oppress workers too much, and will give full play to the role of trade unions to resist oppression. In fact, all the government has to do is just a service-oriented organization, better serving the whole people, rather than pointing fingers like a big man, which hinders normal economic development. ”

Werther's words shocked the three people present, from the very beginning of each country to formulate its own model of socialist development according to its own actual situation, this point undoubtedly comes from Marx in 1845 said: "Whether human thinking has objective truth is not a question of theory, but a question of practice." People should prove the truth of their thinking in practice, that is, the reality and power of their thinking, that is, the nature of their thinking. The debate about the reality of thinking detached from practice is a matter of pure scholasticism. ”

But these were not enough to surprise the trio, and what shocked them the most was their assertion about the initial stage of socialism, which was undoubtedly Werther's own thoughts. Although Marx and Engels put forward the stage of development necessary to achieve communism and the period of revolutionary transformation and the first stage of communist society -- the advanced stage of socialism and communist society, how to develop each stage in the process of realization is obviously a new topic.

In fact, both the Lassallian faction and the Eisenach faction in the German Social Democratic Labor Party have a problem of how to build political power after taking power, including the Marxist organizations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, because there is no clear policy program, resulting in some Marxist organizations not bringing more benefits to the people after the parliamentary elections than the previous capitalist parties.

In the original history, it was not until after the October Revolution that Russia became the first country in history to be governed by a Marxist party. After the success of the Russian Revolution, Lenin discovered this huge problem, first of all, in order to stabilize the regime, he adopted a policy of "war communism", which eventually led to the bankruptcy of the Russian peasantry, starvation of the frontiers, and instead of improving the people's livelihood, he fell into a great famine and economic stagnation, and rebelled in the country. When Lenin discovered this problem, he investigated it, and in November 1920 he began to promote the "New Economic Policy" throughout Russia.

The implementation of the NEP has re-established normal economic ties between industry and agriculture, consolidated the alliance between the working class and the peasants, promoted the development of productive forces, and has been welcomed by the broad masses of the people, especially the peasants. In March 1921, the Tenth Congress of the Bolshevik Party adopted a resolution on the transition from war communism to the NEP. The NEP replaced the collection of grain taxes, allowed peasants to sell their surplus grain freely, allowed private traders to trade freely, returned some small factories to private individuals, and was prepared to lease some enterprises to foreign capitalists.

Lenin called the first stage of building socialism "primary socialism", and the "New Economic Policy" was precisely "the period of transition from primary socialism to advanced socialism", which was also the first time that the concept of primary socialism was proposed. But the NEP was gradually overthrown after Lenin's death and Stalin's coming to power.

The term primary socialism was reintroduced in China, another socialist country in the 20th century. After the success of the Chinese Revolution, Chairman Mao first proposed that "the stage of socialism may be divided into two stages, the first stage is underdeveloped socialism, and the second stage is relatively developed socialism." The latter stage may take longer than the previous one. In a country like ours, the completion of socialist construction is an arduous task, and it is not too early to talk about the building of socialism. ”

Then, on the eve of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Deng Lao emphatically pointed out: "The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China should explain what stage Chinese socialism is in, that is, it is in the primary stage, and it is the primary stage of socialism. Socialism itself is the primary stage of communism, and China is in the initial stage of socialism, which is the stage of underdevelopment. Everything must proceed from this reality and make plans according to this reality. ”

Therefore, after more than 70 years of exploration, the communists of the two countries finally completed their exploration on how to build and develop socialism, in fact, for Werther, his current viewpoint was put forward by standing on the shoulders of countless ancestors, and this viewpoint is undoubtedly a bit shocking to some people today.

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