Updated: 2014-05-0411:14:00119.Chapter 119 Longline

After only three days, under Downing's tutelage, Alfred, a brilliant student who had not gone to much school, but had hired a Russian professor of chemists as his private teacher, had basically perfected the weekly table of the elements. He discussed with Tang Ning's master and apprentice, and Tang Ning, the president of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, who has always been in name only, decided to put a small advertisement on his school, and accepted a doctoral student in the name of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and this doctoral student studied for three days and published his graduation thesis - the periodic table under the guidance of his doctoral supervisor, and also published it in Nature, which shocked the entire chemical community.

Isn't it a good idea for the principal to do this? However, the power of the periodic table has covered up a controversy, the Swiss are crazy, our Federal Institute of Technology is so awesome, for the development of chemistry has drawn a huge blueprint, the original do not take the polytechnic seriously, Swiss students have soared patriotic passion, a large number of outstanding talents apply for their own country's universities.

The 25-year-old Nobel is now famous, and such a great doctoral dissertation should really award himself a "Nobel Prize". It's a pity that although the fame is not as rich as in history, the establishment of the Nobel Prize should be done by his local tyrant doctoral supervisor, Downing at this time set up a "Natural Science Prize", which was actually awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, exactly the same as the Nobel Prize in history, it is worth mentioning that the first person to receive the award was the "Nobel Prize". Later, everyone nicknamed the Natural Science Prize the "Nobel Prize".

This Nobel Prize is a bit different, and it is possible to win awards for all important discoveries and inventions in the field of natural sciences, including mathematics and even economics. There are many theories in the field of economics that are the imagination of researchers, and there are many things imagined by a rigorous scholar like Marx, but there may also be natural scientific discoveries that can withstand theoretical scrutiny and practical testing.

The Swedish royal family has always attached great importance to science, and the three major titles of Prince Regent: Rector of Uppsala University, Rector of Lund University, and President of the Royal Academy of Arts. He is also an honorary member of the Royal Academy of Sciences.

Although nothing was explicitly stated, Prince Karl almost guessed that the Archduke of Luxembourg's semi-official state visit was the Archduke of Luxembourg in order to unite Sweden and restrain the Russians. Now Prince Karl has to thank the Russians for giving Sweden such a rare opportunity, the arrival of god-level scientists has injected great vitality into the Swedish scientific community, and the universities in Stockholm, mainly polytechnics, have academic exchange meetings almost every day. Prince Karl also pushed Parliament to pass a special bill to exempt Downing's donation to the Swedish Academy of Sciences' "Natural Sciences Prize Fund", which was the same as Downing's school of science, 50,000 pounds, and the annual investment income of the fund was used to award prizes to scientists, about 5,000 pounds, which would be supplemented by the Royal Academy of Sciences or Downing when it was not enough.

Super doctoral supervisors hold academic exchange meetings every day, and there are often deafening ideas that make scientists ecstatic. No, one of today's guests is Eggstrand, the head of the physics department at Uppsala University, who studied spectroscopic phenomena using the geomagnetic observations measured by the Swedish warship "Euge" between 1851 and 1853 in Universal Time, and is the founder of spectroscopy.

In 1853, Eggstrand was the first to determine the hα line of hydrogen from the spectrum of gas discharge, proving that it was the c line discovered by Fri Lang Wofe in the solar spectrum. In addition, he found three other spectral lines of the hydrogen atom spectrum in the visible light band, namely hβ, hγ, and hδ spectral lines, and accurately measured their wavelengths.

Spectroscopy and the periodic table are a match made in heaven, because the spectrum of different elements is different, and with the guidance of spectroscopy, the process of discovering new elements will be greatly accelerated.

The essence of elemental luminescence is the energy produced when the electrons on the periphery of the atom undergo orbital transitions, and the energy radiates outward in the form of light, and the frequency of the light produced by the change of a specific electronic state is fixed, that is to say, the spectrum of different elements is unique. The existing real number jù is not enough to explain the nature of the elements, but Downing can "predict" the bright future of spectroscopy as the Pope of Science, and in response to the discoveries of his "doctoral students", once again stirring up waves in the world of chemistry and physics, a huge scientific conjecture that spans the two worlds.

Downing was only responsible for prophecy, and the language he used was that "the periphery of the structure of the atom is a vibrating particle, which is constantly vibrating, and is always emitting heat outward in the form of infrared rays, and they have an orbit like a planet around the sun, and when their orbit changes, they will emit vibrations of a special frequency, producing a special spectrum". The rest was left to the real scientists, and the prediction sparked widespread interest among Swedish scientists, and spectroscopy suddenly became the hottest subject in the field of chemistry.

Science apparently can only excite and make a few elites happy, and the main mission of the god-level industrialists is not only that, in order to solve the backward agriculture of Scandinavia, Downing remembered a large-scale fishing and hunting method called longlining.

When ordinary people think of large-scale fishing and hunting, they may think of the big net used for fishing, the bigger the better, but contrary to their intuition, fishing is the most efficient way to fish and hunt, why? Because no matter how big a net is, it is only a few kilometers, even if the fish in these kilometers give you a pot of stew, it is just that, once the hook uses the concept of "large", it is terrible, the main line of longline fishing can be pulled to more than 100 kilometers long, and there is a float at intervals to keep the main line floating, and tie a branch line to sink the bait to a certain depth on the surface. This depth is also beyond the reach of the netting method.

Limited by air breathing, there are a large number of mammalian marine hunters living in shallow waters, so fish like to go to the deep sea to hide, here is a prime example, the super-large hunter sperm whale has an amazing appetite, sperm whales eat all year round, estimated to consume 3% to 3% of their body weight per day. 5% weight of food, which is quite an exaggerated number, adult sperm whales weigh 25 tons abound, which means that they have to eat close to a ton of fish every day, and they can't satisfy their huge appetite in the shallow sea, so they have evolved a strange body that can dive into the deep sea up to a thousand meters of abyss, they need to completely expel the air from their lungs before diving, and absorb enough oxygen to store in the special blood cells, although the feeder hook of longline fishing is not so exaggerated, However, the significant increase in fishing has been proven in practice.

A single operation of longline fishing is equivalent to 10 times the harvest of traditional fisheries, which is quite considerable, and fishing is also a good business, and the fish in the Baltic Sea are in difficulty......

In the early days, Downing would build specialized longline fishing boats and sell them to fishermen on a rental basis in order to better control controlled fishing, but when this secret was discovered, it was up to governments to legislate to prevent overfishing. The business of going to Iceland and other places to work abroad could also have started at that time, but now Iceland is also due to the lack of productivity, and in recent years, under the threat of colder and colder climate, a famine occurred on this supposedly rich island belonging to Denmark, and a large number of fishermen fled to Canada.

This method of fishing and hunting may have been the biggest surprise that Downing brought to the Nordic fishermen, but it is still unclear how the common people should be grateful to the Grand Duke when Sweden's fishing economy is booming.

There is an interesting phenomenon in Sweden, the local iron ore does not contain phosphorus, as long as the steelmaking company that has seen Downing's steelmaking conversion furnace patent can imitate the steelmaking process to survive here, so Sweden has local steelmaking mills, but they are secretly infringing, because they are sneaky, the output is not large, and they dare not sell in England and the non-Scandinavian region, Downing did not take it to heart.

The Archduke of Luxembourg has made a storm in Sweden, and the hookup between Russia and the United States seems to be much calmer, and even a little shy to answer, yes, who can compare to the Grand Duke of Luxembourg compared to the limelight? As soon as people become doctoral supervisors, they will derive a new era of chemistry.

However, the mood of the Russians did not deteriorate because of this, and they were touched by the light of the victory of the British and French forces over the Qing Dynasty at Dagukou, and signed the Treaty of Tianjin with the Qing Dynasty. The Russians were able to open seven additional treaty ports in Shanghai, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Taiwan (Tainan), and Qiongzhou, where Russian warships could berth. The Russians had consular jurisdiction in these treaty ports, and they were afraid that the benefits of other powers would not be available to them, and that they would need to have one-sided most-favored-nation treatment. The Russians' favorite territorial expansion also achieved an initial victory, with the two countries sending agents to survey "previously undefined borders" and "make sure that the borders are cleared and added to the peace treaty." This is too euphemistic, but in fact, the Great Qing Kingdom is about to start losing a large area of land.

The British and French placed the opium trade in an important position, and a large part of the reason for this war was that Jardine Matheson, which had found opium cultivation in central India, constantly lobbied the British government, and the British demanded that opium be changed to a foreign medicine, which could be officially freely traded and exported. Some people may wonder, wasn't there already a war over opium in 1840? How is it legal now? Well, at that time, the Qing Dynasty wanted to save face, and there was no explicit recognition, and it was semi-legalized after 1840. （http:／／)。 The British even took the customs into their hands and negotiated with the Qing government to implement a tariff policy worth 500 percent. This clause is even more remarkable. Because the Qing Dynasty officials were accustomed to "taking a cut", the previous tariffs were not much on the surface, but the protection fees to be paid were too much, and the standards were different, which made the foreign banks confused, and now the foreigners don't care about this set, only pay the 5%, and the ridiculous thing is that the customs headed by the British became the clearest yamen in the late Qing Dynasty, and the income was higher than that of the Qing Dynasty itself, which has to be said to be a great irony.

Tang Ning had already quietly sent 300 Chinese mercenaries to Shanghai at this time, ready to go north at any time to engage in "coercion of the Son of Heaven to order the princes", but the treaty of Tianjin had already been signed, and he was so strange that he was not familiar with humanities and history, why didn't he fight? It's not over yet, is it?

Of course, there is no end, there is another article in the treaty with Britain and France: the two sides send ministers to each other; Foreign envoys can perform Western salutes and be stationed in Beijing. This is so normal, but ridiculous is ridiculous in this is not in line with the etiquette of the Qing Dynasty, just get sè in the treaty port, and the foreign devils have to run to my Beijing to stay there, so that the people of my capital can see the foreign devils who have sè, where will I put my face in the Qing Dynasty? Later, the more Emperor Xianfeng thought about it, the more angry he became, and he wanted to make small moves, which would become the follow-up to the Second Opium War.