readx; When it comes to politics and trade, the two countries are divided into two categories: government-to-government trade and people-to-people trade. In terms www.biquge.info of non-governmental trade, because the conditions for full liberalization were not yet ripe, Zhu Youzhen proposed that the Ming Dynasty needed to designate a few ports, and Portuguese merchant ships could only do business with Chinese merchants in these ports, otherwise they would be regarded as smuggling. Of course, in order to benefit the Portuguese, according to the previous agreement between the two, within ten years, whether it is export or import, the Portuguese will be completely exempt from duty, so there will be no need for smuggling.

It stands to reason that this condition is generous enough, but Joao still does not meet it. The Portuguese, for their part, started out as an ocean-going trader, with colonies in Asia, Africa and South America, and of course had a lot of goods to sell. For example, olive oil, wine, and handicrafts from Portugal, carpets, tapestries, and painted vases from India, pepper, nutmeg, and cinnamon from the Spice Islands, cashew nuts from Mozambique, rosewood from Angola, lobsters from Cape Verde, and various crops from the New World.

However, in the process of trading with the Chinese, the Portuguese painfully found that China has a vast land, almost all kinds of goods are not lacking, and things that are not really rare are not rare, and the Portuguese goods are sold very poorly in China, and sometimes they cannot be sold at all. However, China's porcelain, tea, raw silk and other commodities are in great demand in Europe, but they are the only ones with no semicolon and the prices are also very expensive, so Portugal has maintained a huge deficit in trade with China year after year.

That is why João demanded that the deficit caused by private trade be compensated by intergovernmental trade.

Zhu Youzhen is not very interested in other commodities, but he has a soft spot for high-yield crops such as corn, potatoes and sweet potatoes. Although he has tried to plant some of them in a small area in Jingyang, the quantity is too small, and the seeds are all brought from Taiwan. Taiwan is a tropical region, and these crops are suitable for growing in temperate zones, so the varieties are not good, and the harvest is average. If the original seeds can be imported directly from the New World, Zhu Youzhen will certainly not be able to ask for them. Therefore, he agreed to Joao's request without much thought, saying that the government could come forward to introduce these crops in large quantities.

But Joao is worthy of being a master negotiator, and after seeing Zhu Youzhen's intentions, he immediately proposed slyly: Portugal needs all goods to open a market in China, not one or two of them. Moreover, due to the consideration of transportation and cost, it is impossible for merchant ships arriving in China to carry only the goods of the New World, and the Ming Dynasty has to buy all the goods of the whole ship, and the price is not negotiable, and the Portuguese want as much as they want. In other words, Zhu Youjian has to carry all the goods that he can't sell to the people.

Zhu Youzhen almost didn't tilt his nose when he heard it, and thought to himself, isn't this just matching sales? Except for food crops, other commodities are basically luxury goods, not to mention the price, and the use is not very large, which is equivalent to spending a lot of money in vain. He had the intention to refuse, but Joao's attitude was very tough and he refused to back down.

Zhu Youzhen couldn't help but complain a little about his lack of negotiation experience, allowing the Portuguese to figure out his hole cards. Fortunately, Zhu Cunqi shrewdly interjected: "We can agree to this, and we can even not bargain." But the goods provided by your country must be of good quality and subject to our inspection before they can be disembarked. ”

Joao was quite confident in the quality of his country's goods, and immediately agreed. Zhu Youzhen was still thinking in his heart, no matter how good the quality of these things is, they will be useless if they are not needed. When he was hesitating, he saw Zhu Cunqi winking at him. Zhu Youzhen immediately understood that she must have a clever plan not to suffer, but she can't say it yet. Thinking about it compared with the overall situation of cooperation between the two countries, even if it is really worth the loss in trade, I nodded and agreed to this article.

Of course, Zhu Youzhen could not let Portugal be cheap, and he proposed that in government trade, the goods designated by the Ming Dynasty must occupy a certain proportion. Specifically, it is a good breed horse, a cannon and a warship, these three things are what Zhu Youzhen really needs.

After some hard bargaining, Joao finally agreed: to export 1,000 purebred Andalusian horses, 50 large-caliber cannons, 200 ship-based cannons, and four battleships to the Ming as soon as possible. Of course, the price is also extremely expensive: five million taels of silver!

Of course, Zhu Youzhen knew that Joao was opening his mouth widely. For example, the battleships were produced in the shipyards of Macao, and most of the craftsmen were Chinese, and Portugal only produced drawings and technology. In history, the "Dingyuan" ship ordered by the Qing government from Germany was a 7,000-ton ironclad ship, and the price was only 1.4 million taels of silver. The current battleships are all wooden, not even a thousand tons, how can they be worth so much silver?! The cost of the Hongyi cannon was not that high at all, and if it was at this price, the profit of the Portuguese would be at least more than three and a half million taels.

But after thinking about it again, Zhu Youzhen gritted his teeth and agreed to Joao's conditions. If you look at the price alone, this deal was undoubtedly slaughtered by the Portuguese, but there is no way, who let the existing technology of the Ming Dynasty not be able to build cannons and warships? Now we must first solve the problem of "starting from scratch", that is, no matter how ruthless you are, this silver can also be obtained!

The two sides then discussed military cooperation. On the one hand, João needs to return to his homeland as soon as possible, and on the other hand, the Netherlands took advantage of Spain's plunge into a European civil war to seize Portugal's colony of Brazil in South America, which made João very angry.

However, Portugal was a small country and a widow, and all Joao could now control was a few overseas colonies and a few fleets, with a total strength of less than 20,000 troops, and it was obviously unable to deal with the two great powers of Spain and the Netherlands at the same time. Therefore, João proposed that he hoped that the Ming would send troops to directly participate in the war against Spain and the Netherlands.

Zhu Youzhen readily agreed, but also said that because the strength of the Daming Navy Division was too poor, it was impossible to fight in the ocean like the Portuguese Navy, and could only launch an attack on the Spanish and Dutch in Taiwan.

Joao thought that as long as the Ming Dynasty entered the war, it would more or less distract Spain and the Netherlands, so he agreed. In order to urge Zhu Youzhen to send troops as soon as possible, he also made an unprecedented "generosity" and leased one of the four battleships that went north to Daming at a price of 50,000 taels a year.

At this point, the negotiations between the two countries are nearing completion. Joao also wanted to discuss the division of the spheres of influence between the two countries, but Zhu Youzhen perfunctory, and thought to himself: Do you think that Da Ming will be like you Western powers, and take the route of hegemony if the country is strong. China will not seek hegemony, and will never allow any country to do so!

In the end, everything was negotiated, and the two sides immediately drafted a treaty, written in Chinese, Portuguese, and Latin, with one copy for each side. By the time it was all done, it was late at night. Joao yawned contentedly, and was about to ask Zhu Youzhen to sign it with him, but Zhu Youzhen smiled a little embarrassed: "Your Excellency, I have a small request. ”

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