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As soon as Stalin saw these conditions, his face was also very ugly, a group of traitors actually wanted to issue an amnesty decree by themselves and obtain forgiveness, you must know that from the position of the number one, Stalin was an out-and-out iron leader and red tsar, and countless people hoped to get Stalin's amnesty but were eventually sent to the execution ground, so Stalin's hand holding the document was trembling, which was obviously already in a very angry state. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

And Beria on the side saw Stalin's reaction, of course he knew that Stalin was very dissatisfied with such a bargain, you must know that if you can accept these rebels again, Stalin is already open, and these guys are shameless to ask for amnesty! It's really a bit of an inch!

However, Beria also knew that this rebellion had already been decided, and if it could succeed, it would be very beneficial politically and militarily!

At the beginning, although the Communist Party of the Soviet Union seized the world in killing and fighting, it also tried its best to win over many officers of the old Tsarist Russian army, and the Red Army was formed with many soldiers from the Tsarist period, so it can be said that if these military experts were not won, how could the Red Army win the civil war, and the current Zhukov and Chuikov were all in the Tsarist army, if they really didn't want any people from the old army, the Red Army would not have been able to fight.

Compromise and struggle are inevitable in political struggles, and Lincoln once said that wise people always turn their opponents into friends, and the Soviets also had a compromise with the original Brest Treaty, which lost the entire country: a total of 1,267,000 square miles, equivalent to 25% of the country's land

Population: 62 million in total, equivalent to 44% of the country's population

Industry:

33% loss of agricultural production

Industrial losses 54%

Sugar industry loses 80%

Iron ore loss of 73%

Coal Mine Loses 75%

Revenue: Loss of about 27%

But then the Soviets abolished the Brest Treaty, although the three Baltic countries are now occupied by Germany, but they have been taken back before the war, this is the huge compromise and sacrifice made for the survival of the Soviets, you must know that the Brest Treaty is a huge humiliation, in fact, the treaty is used to tear up, as long as you are strong, you can change all the treaties, so there is no problem with temporary compromise. Moreover, the main condition for the emergence of the traditional modern system of international law is the rise of independent sovereign states. The 1643-1648 Westphalian Guild and its conventions marked the beginning of modern international law. It shows that in the 17th century, after some capitalist countries in Europe got rid of the rule of the Holy Roman Empire and achieved the status of national sovereignty and independence, they demanded that sovereign equality, the main principle of modern international law, be used to consolidate the international order at that time. Modern international law was born and developed at the same time as capitalism, and it is inevitably a tool to serve the interests of capitalist countries.

After the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, capitalism developed to the stage of imperialism. Proceeding from their own interests, the colonial countries formulated a series of customary norms of modern international law in order to provide a legal basis for their aggressive policy of colonial expansion.

Wars of aggression and imperialism are twins. Traditional international law imposes no restrictions on the right of States to wage war and recognizes war as a legitimate means of pursuing State policy. All colonial rule was established as the result of bloody massacres, and the two terrible world wars were also caused by the imperialist struggle for colonies. Therefore, Western international jurists at that time believed that it was legally valid to force small and weak nations and states in colonies to sign unequal treaties through war, threat or force, and to obtain territorial sovereignty and various privileges on the basis of treaties. Since the 19th century, this has been the case with the aggression and plunder of Asian and African countries by British, French, and other imperialists. In order to sound the gong for the expansionist and aggressive policies of these imperialist countries, Western jurists have used war as a means and constrained by the unequal treaties they were forced to sign after the end of the war to create a legal basis for the "vested interests" obtained by their aggressive policies. Marx said that after the formation of the capitalist economy in Europe, the bourgeoisie "subjugated the barbaric and semi-civilized nations to the civilized nations, the peasant nations to the bourgeois nations, and the East to the West." ”

As early as after the First World War, there was a growing international tendency to regard wars of aggression as illegal. Article 2 of the 1928 Lonoga Convention states: "There shall be no attack or aggression against one another, and under no circumstances shall one another resort to war." "The 1928 Paris Convention on Non-War legally prohibited the use of war as an instrument of national policy. At that time, the High Contracting Parties had reached an understanding that wars were prohibited except for legitimate wars of self-defence and sanctions against countries engaged in wars in violation. Since the war of aggression has been regarded as illegal, it is of course illegal and null and void to force the signing of unequal treaties through war, and to acquire territorial sovereignty and privileges on the basis of unequal treaties. Of course, as long as you have strength, the so-called international law may not be able to do anything to you! (International conventions have outlawed aggression, but imperialism still relies on its own power to force other countries to sign unequal treaties, which is sometimes so weak in international law.) ）

Of course, Stalin also understood this, although he was known for his steel, but Stalin, as a politician, compromise and concession were also indispensable, especially in the face of political interests, if the amnesty was carried out, it might have a little impact on his face, but if he could win the Eastern Battalion, which considered the huge interests of the entire war situation, it was not impossible to grant amnesty, so after a while, Stalin gradually decided that it could be amnesty, but only for those who picked up guns and fought against the German army anyway and their families, And I won't sign these amnesties easily in the future.

Stalin finally decided to issue an amnesty, and after signing it, Stalin said: "You also sign it, and send it to Mikhail Ivanovich." ”

Many later generations do not know that the chairman of the Supreme Soviet is the head of state of the Soviet Union, of course, this head of state is just a fictitious office like those presidents of parliamentary republics, but after all, he is the head of state, so this amnesty still has to be signed by Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin, this old man who was called "gracious grandfather Kalinin" by the common people in the Soviet Union is rare to be a good person

Since the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, Kalinin has been Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. After the reorganization of the Supreme Soviet, Kalinin became Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, a position he held until his death in 1946. Few people know that the head of state of the USSR was not actually Stalin, but this Comrade Kalinin, who was already over 60 years old, although only in name.

Kalinin was not only a Soviet politician, revolutionary, and early state leader, but also a kind old man in Lin Jun's heart: Kalinin, like Lenin, was a leader who cared about the workers and peasants, and often came into contact with ordinary citizens as a national leader to understand their hopes and show the demeanor of a "good grandfather"; During the Great Purge, many people also wrote to Kalinin, and Kalinin often intervened in the trial, thus saving many innocent people - this is the most admired by later generations, you must know that there are too few people who dare to stand up during the Great Purge. Because Kalinin was an almost impeccable person, many people also called him "the kind grandfather Kalinin". The famous phrase "the teacher is the engineer of the human soul" was coined by Kalinin, who said: "Many teachers often forget that they are supposed to be educators, and that educators are engineers of the human soul." "It can be said that Kalinin is a good man,

The only flaw in Kalinin's life was that he also signed an official document in favor of the Katyn massacre of Polish soldiers.

Kalinin also signed the amnesty, which was soon sent to Stalingrad, and what Andrei did not know was that this amnesty would later save many innocents and their families. At the same time as the amnesty, the Soviets promised that if the Eastern Battalion returned anyway, the families would also leave Siberia according to the list, but still contribute to the Great Patriotic War.