The relationship between the government and the market is one of the eternal topics discussed in economics, in the market economy, enterprises are the main body of market supply and market demand, and their development level can be used as a measure of a country's economic development, so it occupies an important position in the economic model. Pen, fun, pavilion www. biquge。 info

To a large extent, the government of the Republic has adopted a policy that gives full play to the developmental role of state planning and guidance, which can also be called a "state-directed high-speed growth system." This was a distinctive initiative in the international world at that time.

The government directs economic activities through industrial policies and economic plans. In particular, it is necessary to carry out strong intervention and inducement in the decision-making of enterprises, and rely on economic levers such as finance, finance, and taxation to carry out macro indirect and effective regulation and control of economic activities, and manage them all the way down to the micro level and implement them to enterprises

Of course, for any country, with the passage of time, the policy priorities cannot be static, and they are constantly summarizing and learning more effective ways to adjust and reform the economic development model to improve international competitiveness.

With the establishment and operation of the four major banks of the Republic, the Government sought to establish a close link between the banks and the companies. Because of the close relationship between banks and businesses, corporate managers are protected from shareholder influence to make long-term investments.

The development of heavy industry to promote light industry and related industries has been proved by historical experience to be an effective development strategy. With the completion and operation of Liuzhou, Anshan, Shanghai, Daye and other iron and steel plants, it provides a material guarantee for the construction of railways, and the completion of railways will stimulate the economic development and industrialization process of other regions.

Relying on the low starting point of the Chinese people and the contradiction between a large population and a small amount of arable land, China's industrialization has provided sufficient labor force and relatively saved wage costs.

As long as there is a relatively stable environment. As long as you don't push too hard, this request is not too much, Chen Wenqiang knows more, and he is more worried than others. Therefore, only ignorant children and fools who don't want to do things are the most relaxed and happy.

However. In order to fulfill people's wishes, Tsarist Russia cultivated pro-Russian forces in China's Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, and other border areas, bribed many people such as Wutai, Haishan, Taoketaohu, Jebtsundamba VIII, and Hangda Dorji, and took advantage of the strong sentiment of the upper echelons of the Outer Mongolian nation to oppose the new policy, and actively incited the pro-Russian factions among them to invite Russia to intervene, so as to interfere in China's internal affairs and provoke Sino-Russian disputes under false pretexts.

In February 1911, at the instigation and assistance of Russia. The Living Buddha Jebtsundamba proclaimed the establishment of the "Great Mongolian State" in Kulen (present-day Ulaanbaatar). At the same time, the "Yamen of the Mongolian Prime Minister's Cabinet" issued eight articles to Inner Mongolia in the "Official Letter to the Princes of the Inner Mongolia Leagues" and "Conditions for Preferential Treatment", advocating that "Inner and Outer Mongolia belong to one family" and exhorting all Mongolian banners to "return to obedience as one". Those who surrendered to the "Great Mongol State" were promised preferential treatment such as "all nobles below the prince level were promoted to the first rank, and the Kulen government paid them an annual salary", "all taxes borne by the Outer Mongolians were exempted", and "if the government of the Republic of China exerted pressure, the Kulen government would send troops to protect them".

The Government of the Republic has long been aware of the complexity of the political situation in the Mongolian region. Feudal princes, nobles and upper-class monks. Under the impact of the democratic revolution, I was in constant fear. Some of them raised the banner of "Pan-Mongolism". Defecting to Tsarist Russia to engage in "independence" activities constitutes a danger to China's territorial sovereignty, and this stratum has a certain scale. They had a solid feudal foundation combining political power with theocracy. Taking into account the various domestic political forces and Sino-foreign relations at that time, formulating flexible and appropriate policies was an important issue facing the new government.

In response to this situation, the new government was established at the beginning. He actively advocated "national unity" and "territorial unity". President Soong Jiao-jen pointed out: "The foundation of the country lies in the people, and the unity of all nationalities into one country, that is, the unity of all nationalities into one person, is called the unity of the nation." May China's "various nationalities love each other." If you are like a brother, you will go to the country together". This concept of nationality of the new government has become the program of the Beijing government in handling ethnic relations in the country. In his "Manifesto" on the inauguration of the president, Song Jiaoren expressed the hope that the living Buddhas and kings of Tibet and Mongolia would clearly recognize that "although the political system has changed, the country is still the country" and realize the republic of the whole country on the premise of safeguarding the integrity of China's territory.

Song Jiaoren especially reminded the Mongolian princes and living Buddhas that "the Russians are ambitious and ready to take advantage of the opportunity" and "cannot be relied upon." It is hoped that the princes and living Buddhas will care about the current situation, cherish the memory of Sangzi, and send representatives to Beijing to "participate in the discussion of political dignitaries". At the same time, the new government agreed to make concessions to the demands of the Mongol Princely Federation not to change the "Mongolian system". This compromise is, of course, premised on the abolition of the "independence" of the living Buddha type of Jebtsundampa.

When the Chinese revolution was successful and the new government began to take power, the princes of Inner and Outer Mongolia stationed in Beijing, headed by Gongsang Norbu and Amur Linggui, and in the name of representatives of the 86 Banners of Outer Mongolia and the 49 Banners of Inner Mongolia, established the Mongolian Princes' Federation to represent the interests of the Mongolian princes on the political stage. The Mongol Princely Federation adapted to the situation, changed its position with the wind, expressed its desire for compromise with the republic, and sang the tune of "sponsoring the republic".

In August 1910, the Provisional Senate in Beijing passed the "Conditions for the Treatment of the Manchu and Han Hui Tibetans," a total of seven articles. Its core content is to safeguard the private property of the Mongolian princes and nobles, the princely system "is still the same", and the freedom of belief in Lamaism. Taking this as a starting point, the princes and nobles of Inner and Outer Mongolia began to divide markedly, and the Mongolian Princely Federation was the representative to unite the vast majority of the princes and nobles and the upper-class lamas to support the republic, hold high the banner of patriotism, and waged a struggle against various forms of national separatist forces.

At the beginning of 1911, Wang Wutai of Inner Mongolia's Keyouqian Banner openly responded to Outer Mongolia, declared independence, and organized a large-scale armed rebellion. Wutai instigated demagoguery in his own banner and surrounding flags, instigated ethnic hatred, and called on the Mongolian people to rise up and expel the Han Chinese. In order to call on more people who do not know the truth, he also specially instigated Gegen, the living Buddha with the highest status in his banner, and called on the lamas of all temples in the banner to recite the Buddha in the scriptures, spread all kinds of rumors, and confuse the masses. At the same time, the Kulen government supported the Ukrainian-Thai Russian "Bereda" with 1,200 guns and 500,000 rounds of ammunition. In addition, 40 or 50 members of the Outer Mongolian army also secretly came to help Utai.

However, compromise and concession are not the essence of the new government, and Utai has obviously misestimated the situation. As long as they sponsor the republic. To maintain unity, the government can stand still. However, it is the established policy of the new government to make every effort to ensure Inner Mongolia and to deter and infiltrate Outer Mongolia. Now that an armed rebellion has emerged, there is absolutely no reason to tolerate it. Otherwise, it is inevitable that someone will follow and make trouble. This has made the situation in Mongolia even more chaotic.

The National Security Council, chaired by the president and composed of the secretary of state, the secretary of defense, the chief of staff, the chief of the army, the chief of the navy, and the chief of the Ministry of State Security, promptly made a decision and ordered Yao Yuping, commander of the Northeast Military Region, to "Utai annexed to Kulen, and the reverse deeds are notorious, and if it is forbearance, it will inevitably affect the entire Mongolian League, that is, the three provinces will not be at peace. You will send personnel to the right front banner of the branch to advise Wutai, first to soothe and then suppress, and then to suppress, and if the peace advice fails, immediately suppress it with troops, and garrison troops in Inner Mongolia to deter Kulun. ”

Almost at the same time as the order of the Government of the Republic, the Acting Foreign Minister of Russia, Neratov, informed the Consul in Kulen to Khorsovici. The Russian government will convene a Council of Ministers to discuss the Mongolian affair. He said: "The internal situation in Khalkha itself does not harm the vital interests of our country, and the Mongolian issue is therefore important to us. Because it is a means that must be used in solving other political problems of our country in China. ”

"The present movement in Khalkha and the visit of the Mongol delegation to St. Petersburg give us reason to point out to the Government of Peking that the disturbance in Mongolia on the border with our country cannot but cause concern to the Imperial Government and to force us to take corresponding measures on the border, which will inevitably lead to the development of an anti-Chinese movement among the Mongols. In this way, we can hope to lay the foundation for negotiating the Mongolian issue with the Beijing Government and influencing the Beijing Government's policy toward Mongolia. ”

Historically, Outer Mongolia's independence and autonomy was largely due to the weakness of the Qing government. There was also the government of the Republic of China, which was deterred by the false intimidation of Tsarist Russia. In fact, Tsarist Russia was not ready for armed aggression and annexation of Outer Mongolia. Of course, the unstable domestic situation at that time, and the lack of spare forces to deter the independents, was also an important factor.

Now, the government of the republic has taken the lead and not only wants to exterminate it with troops, but also categorically rejected the note from the Russian envoy Kosovici requesting negotiations.

Foreign Minister Lu Zhengxiang adhered to the government's will and took a very tough attitude; he denounced Russia's move as tantamount to interfering in China's internal affairs, and threatened to publish the Russian envoy's note in the media so that the Chinese people could judge Russia's intentions for themselves. You scare me, I'm going to scare you! No matter what happens in Outer Mongolia, it will not be worse than in history, and as soon as the October Revolution breaks out, you will vomit as much as you eat, and you will have to calculate interest.

At the same time, after receiving the telegram order, Yao Yuping, commander of the Northeast Military Region, set up a Mukden Armament Department and a Military Salary Preparation Office in Fengtian, and set up military stations in Changtu and Taonan respectively, and allocated 200,000 yuan to supply the military salaries and military supplies of each battalion. Mobilize the subordinate army and prepare for the suppression of troops. He ordered the transfer of the Liaoyuan Yuan (now Shuangliao County, Jilin Province, i.e., Zhengjiatun) garrison Wu Junsheng to rush to the aid of Taonan Prefecture.

After receiving the order, Cao Kun, commander of the Jilin garrison, set up a rear station in Changchun and a division station in Nong'an County. Responsible for the supply of food and equipment needed for the requisition of each battalion. Mobilize Feng Delin's subordinates, and order his subordinate general Wu Peifu to form a mixed brigade to "suppress and appease" with the troops of Fengtian and Heilongjiang provinces.

After receiving the telegram order, Lan Tianwei, commander of the Heilongjiang garrison, set up a preparatory office and mobilized Zhang Zuoxiang's department to monitor and control the Zhalaite Banner.

Rapid deployment, rapid action. Turning disadvantages into advantages, and after quelling the rebellion, the government's intention was not simply to exterminate the rebels.

On February 3, 1911, the troops of the Uthai rebels marched together towards the predetermined target.

The first road (left), about 500 people, departs from Gegen Temple. The seventeen-year-old 6th Gegen was the "marshal", the assistant Taiji Batu Gilgala was the "commander", and Ulemuji was the staff officer. He wanted to attack Jing'an County first, and then attack Taonan County.

The second road (middle road), about 1,000 people, departed from the Qiwang Mansion. Xiletu Lama Bu and Urta were the "marshals", and the assistant Taiji Seleng Wangbao was the "commander", and they went straight to Taonan County.

The third road (right road), about 600 people, departed from the Gaqin Temple. The Gachen Lama is the "marshal", the Chimo Rang (the younger brother of Utai) is the "commander", and the Bu and Gilgalang are the staff officers. If you want to take Liquan County first, and then march into Taonan Mansion from the west after you succeed.

Wherever the rebels went, they issued a proclamation to the people, to the effect that the Great Mongolian Emperor Jebzundan Babokeda issued an edict to try to clean up Mongolia's territory. All Han military camps were expelled from the country, and the peasants, businessmen, and people were in peace and business as usual.

When Sun Baojin, the magistrate of Taonan County, learned that the surrenderers he sent had been detained by Wutai, he expected that the rebels would attack on a large scale. At that time, the county town of Taonan was five miles in radius, and there were only earthen enclosures around, no city walls, and the defenders in the city were thin.

Under the condition of heavy troops pressing the border and being besieged on all sides, the defenders in the city "did not leave the moat day and night", and the business guild recruited merchant groups to assist the defenders in defending the city. On the one hand, he ordered the city defense troops to step up the construction of fortifications, and on the other hand, he sent people to Wu Junsheng's troops to rush to help. However, the road was far away, and when Wu Junsheng's department traveled to the north of Tongyu, because the bridge was damaged and was blocked for three days, he could not arrive as scheduled.

Seeing the rebels approaching Taonan, Chen Baojin was as anxious as an ant on a hot pot, but let him come up with a "delaying strategy". He asked 200 soldiers of the city defense force to quietly go out of the city every day when it was dark, and then in the daytime of the next day, they raised the flag and entered the city as a whole team, and the city officials and various business people beat gongs and drums and set off firecrackers to greet them. In order to play realistically, he also changed the color of the clothes worn by the soldiers every time, and changed the direction of entering the city many times, day after day, giving the other side the illusion that reinforcements were constantly entering the city.

The spies of the rebels who infiltrated the city, deceived by the illusion, immediately reported it to Utai. Wutai was shocked, thinking that it was not possible to act rashly now, and the soldiers and horses that had been concentrated on the Taonan Road were still insufficient, so it was necessary to transfer the soldiers and horses from the left and right roads to help, so the date of attacking Taonan was postponed.

At the same time as the deployment of Wutai to attack Taonan, the right wing of Horqin's rear banner Zhenguo Gong Laxi Minjur gathered more than 500 people from his own banner and gathered in Baote Aorui Village, more than 20 miles east of the east of the town, to prepare for the siege.

At that time, the magistrate of Zhendong County was Lu Qingzeng, and the commander of the garrison company, Li Shuxun, had nearly 200 soldiers under his command, but there were many Mongols among the soldiers. Li Shuxun is good at Mongolian and married a Mongolian woman. Urta, the assistant manager of the army under Rashiminjur, took advantage of the Mongolian soldiers under Li Shuxun to establish relations and invited Li Shuxun to attend a banquet in Baute Aorui Village on the pretext of negotiating to resolve the relationship between the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups. Li Shuxun didn't know what to do, and led dozens of guards to go as promised.

During the banquet, the Uta army still demanded that Li Shuxun lead his troops to surrender and sacrifice the county seat of Zhendong. Li Shuxun resolutely refused on the spot, but the Mongolian guards he brought with him had already colluded with Urta, and instead of protecting Li Shuxun's safety, they aided the abuse and fell to the side of the rebels, and Li Shuxun was detained. The Mongol soldiers who participated in the rebellion were deceived by Urta's plan to surrender and returned to Zhendong to report to Lu Qingzeng: "Li Shuxun has surrendered to the Mongol army, and the Mongol army has thousands of people and is preparing to attack the county seat of Zhendong tomorrow. (To be continued.) )