After the call with Kuznetsov, Andrei also knew that he didn't have that influence after all, but fortunately, Kuznetsov still listened to his opinion, and after a few days, Andrei didn't expect that the 88th International Brigade also gave him a return gift of Chinese sweet potato roast, in their eyes, the big brother is good, looking at the sweet potato roast sealed in these three jars, Andrei also smiled, although this body is okay to drink, but Andrei actually doesn't like alcohol very much, it was like this in his previous life, In this life, as an internal officer, you also need to be sober-minded. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ

And then I had to go back to Moscow to report on my work, so with a complicated mood, Andrei embarked on the route to Moscow, but when he came out of the report, Andrei met a person he really didn't want to meet, that is, Ustinov, it turned out that Andrei didn't like to drink, so in order to build a good interpersonal relationship, he asked people to give it to Ustinov, but Ustinov didn't want to drink alone, so he happened to meet Andrei on the way. Ustinov said with a smile: "Andrey, the wine you sent this time is really good, although it is an extraordinary period but there is nothing to do now, let's drink a little together, and talk about it again!" ”

Ustinov's appearance is simply a gray wolf, Andrei is bitter in his heart, the famous Ustinov's law, he doesn't want to understand it, but this Ustinov can't be offended, and it will be of great value in the future, so Andrei still stubbornly said: "Okay, Comrade Ustinov, let's go drink together, Chinese wine is very good!" ”

Together with Ustinov, he came to a villa, set up the snacks, uncovered the seal, poured it into the cup, Ustinov directly picked up the cup and drank it directly, and then said: "This wine is really good!" And Andre also happily picked it up and drank it, I have to say that the pure grain wine of this era is very different from the blended wine of later generations! Ustinov hurriedly poured another wine, but Andrei felt that he could not support it if he continued like this, so Andrei quickly started chatting, and Andrei said: "Comrade Ustinov, why has the new sniper rifle and tank not been able to equip the troops?" And Ustinov looked at Andrei and smiled bitterly: "Andrey, you should know something about the situation in our industry!" Now some process problems have not been solved, especially the precision of parts! ”

As soon as Andrei heard it, it seemed that this was the case, and Andrei remembered that he once saw a person who was engaged in this kind of work, answering questions on the Internet in his previous life, and said:

The industrial machine tool industry represented by machine tool factories has emerged. Without them, other industrial plants may not be able to sustain production and development.

What exactly is an industrial machine tool? In layman's terms, it is a machine that can make a machine with a machine, and it is a machine that is used to make a machine. Unfortunately, this statement is wrong.

I often see people say that we have bought advanced machine tools from the United States and Germany, so the level of our industrial machine tools has improved. The overhead text says to buy industrial machine tools from the great powers, and then compete with the great powers for hegemony. Seeing this, at this moment, I burst into tears.

The mother machine, as the name suggests, is the mother machine that lays eggs. However, the eggs laid by the industrial mother machine are not for eating, they are used to hatch chicks, and the eggs laid by hatched chickens are used for eating. This is the first level of concept, and that's how many people recognize it. The incubated machine can also replace the original machine as an industrial machine. This is the second level of the concept, and people with higher levels know it this way. Some people also believe that with a bed with an accuracy of 0.1mm, and then use the bed with a precision of 0.1mm to make a bed with an accuracy of 0.01mm, which is called the ability of industrial machine tools. This is the third level of concept.

However, in fact, there is no industrial machine tool, there was no one in the past, there is no one now, and there will be no one in the future. It's just a figurative concept.

In fact, the term industrial machine tool is only used to describe the importance of the machine tool industry relative to other industrial industries, and it has no other meaning in itself.

So what do you mean by the industrial machine tool? It includes the self-upgrading ability of the industry, the level of machine tools, and the lack of understanding of the machine tool industry (don't think that you can understand the machine tool industry by ferrying to the information related to the machine tool industry, if so, anyone can be the master of the Olympic champion) and so on.

If you want to really understand this concept, you have to understand how the industry is upgraded, how the accuracy is getting higher and higher, and the performance of all parties is getting better and better.

Since industrial upgrading is a very, very complex topic, let's just talk about machine tools, and everyone can understand how complicated everything is and what is going on. How to go into details, it's really nerve-wracking. Let's start with the introduction of machine tools, but there are too many types of machine tools, let's talk about the most representative ordinary lathes.

To put it simply, the composition of the machine tool is divided into: bed (including guide rail), power system, gearbox, spindle, tool system, control system, tail top (I can't remember the regular name) and so on.

You have a lathe, you can start work, but slowly, what is the accuracy of your equipment, you can't take a product to measure it and say that the accuracy is like this. Your machine is used for mass production, and there must be a theoretical indicator.

What the? My equipment is bought, the theoretical index is provided by the manufacturer, no matter why I have this indicator, how to improve it is not my business.

Okay, okay, you're the user of the lathe, it doesn't matter if you don't understand this, just make your product. But a machine tool factory, a country, if it can't even do this, what is the ability to upgrade the industry? Don't forget, other industries need a variety of machine tools, strange, new types of emerge at any time, how can you meet the requirements without the theoretical knowledge of machine tools? What kind of industrial machine tool to talk about? It's all over if you get stuck in the neck. And that's not all, experience and manual processing are also very important

Processed by hand? Isn't the hallmark of the Industrial Revolution the manufacture of machines out of machines? Many children's shoes will have such questions. Yes, the Industrial Revolution was a machine-processing machine in relation to the handicraft workshops of the agricultural era. But manual machining has never been withdrawn from the machinery industry. As mentioned in the previous sections, the guide rails of a good machine tool are shoveled out manually. There is also a column, which may be more profound for everyone's understanding, the dynasty has introduced a set of diesel engine production lines from Germany, and found that our products are more noisy than the original German factory, and the vibration is big, to what extent? We have to fix it when we show it, otherwise it moves, while the German ones don't need to be fixed. Not only that, but ours is leaking oil! At that time, some people suspected that the Germans had cheated us, after all, there were no businessmen and no treachery, and there were no exceptions to the big-nosed devils, which had a lot to learn from the past. But in the end, it turned out that the Germans were very kind in this matter, and the production line sold to us was exactly the same as the original factory. The problem lies in the processing and assembly of precision parts by the last workers, in the original German production line, the work is done by experienced masters in their forties and fifties, and in our production line, there are all a bunch of young people.

Until now, due to the existence of wisdom, human hands are still the most flexible, and no tool can be compared.

In the application of lathes, there is a link that profoundly shows this. We know that the workpiece can only be machined if it is stuck in the gripper, and due to economic and other considerations, this part is first roughed on an ordinary lathe, and then finished on a precision lathe. Now the question is, this part is loaded and unloaded on the fixture twice, can it coincide with the first installation center after the second installation? If it does not coincide, the amount to be processed between the two processes must be kept large. There is more trouble, if the clamped part is also to be processed, how to ensure the concentricity of the two processing? So in the past, these completely relied on the manual work of the workers to ensure that after the worker master installed the workpiece on the claw plate, first let the lathe rotate at low speed to see if it is concentric, if it is different, stop the machine and use a wooden hammer to knock the workpiece from the side, and then turn on the machine at low speed, and then check. and finally until the human eye cannot distinguish different minds. When I was in school, the teachers repeatedly emphasized that the number of installations on the fixtures during processing should be reduced as much as possible. Of course, the current machining center has solved the problem caused by the installation of fixtures many times to a considerable extent, and some have achieved that the finished parts can be processed only once installed.

When installing the screw rod of the machine tool, the average person installs it is unqualified, and there is a "astringent" phenomenon at every turn when the knife is walked, but in the hands of experienced masters, the knife is easy from beginning to end, which is the difference.

What is the true contact area between the bearing and the shaft? We generally say that two planes are in contact, but not the whole plane is in contact, in fact, only a part of it is in contact, and the same is true for bearings and shafts. Therefore, the force is no longer uniform, and this problem seriously affects the force, wear, and life of both parties. Therefore, in places with large loads and high speeds, the bearing and shaft use interference fit to ensure the contact area. So how do you measure this contact area? It's very simple: apply something like red potion to the inner ring of the bearing, attach the bearing to the shaft, and then remove the bearing from the shaft and look at the red-stained part of the shaft. Of course, this process is very simple to say, but it must be operated by an experienced master.

As soon as many novices crossed, they shouted about standardization, thinking that standardization could greatly improve product productivity. The reason for this is that in many of today's propaganda, standardization is extremely important. They don't know the profound meaning behind this, and simply understand standardization as the only condition for industrial mass production.

Standardization, by itself, aims to:

1. The assembly becomes simpler, which reduces the requirements for skilled workers, thereby improving the production efficiency of the assembly link.

2. Realize the complete replacement of parts, and the maintenance of the product becomes simpler, which is welcomed by users.

3. With the social division of labor, standardization has a positive significance. For machine tool suppliers and process personnel, it is only necessary to study how to manufacture better equipment and machining processes in this situation, so as to improve the performance of the equipment as well as the processing capacity.

The realization of standardization must be improved with the accuracy of processing equipment, and the measurement equipment has the ability to measure quickly in order to play an advantage in large-scale industrial production, otherwise, the cost is too great and the gains outweigh the losses. For industrial mass production, the decisive factor is the performance of the machine tool, for example, the theoretical maximum production capacity of a factory is determined by the processing equipment, regardless of whether it is standardized or not. The optimization of modern production methods for various processing processes, such as the assembly line method that many people are very excited about, is just to make full use of processing equipment and reduce other factors that artificially affect production efficiency.

Here, the processing equipment is mainly a variety of professional machine tools and later a variety of automated machine tools and assembly lines, the specific reasons are said below.

The measuring equipment is mainly a gauge. Because of the use of universal measuring tools, the measurement has high requirements for workers and takes a lot of time, which is not suitable for the requirements of large-scale industrial production. There are many types of gauges, and they often have to be customized, not just buy a few. If neither is possible, then reduce the need for standardization and solve the problem by grouping and matching by tolerance (leaving a certain gap between parts), which has been used for a long time in history. For example, it was not until the appearance of the M16 of the US imperialist that the complete replacement of parts and components was realized.

In addition, in order to achieve standardization, it is necessary to do a lot of experiments to compile a reasonable tolerance table, otherwise it will cause great trouble to production. For example, the processing of firearms has long used the method of matching according to tolerances, but what kind of tolerance grouping can match the guns well? If the tolerance grouping is improper, the assembled gun will naturally be good and poor, and it will not be able to achieve the goal of tolerance grouping, but will cause great trouble to yourself.

Therefore, standardization is necessary, but it must be cooperated with other relevant aspects, otherwise it will reduce production efficiency. Therefore, it was not until before the First World War that standardization began to really enter industrial mass production.

Since mankind entered the era of industrialization, a clear development route of machine tools is: higher efficiency and lower production costs. In the general-purpose machine tool represented by the lathe we mentioned earlier, the growth of processing efficiency is very low for a long time, unless the infinite increase of workers and equipment, the output is not up. So, how do people solve this problem?

At this point, if someone has been to the factory, they will understand that most of the machine tools used in mass production factories are special machine tools, not general machine tools that we often say (the special machine tool mentioned here is a relative concept, not that it can only process something that cannot be changed). For example, bolts and other standard parts, historically at the beginning of the use of ordinary lathes to process, but the processing efficiency is low (think of workers to cut many times, each time to carefully set the tool), high cost (a round bar clamped on it, and finally cut out a small bolt, material waste is great, and the processing of workers is also high), so the Americans have developed a special machine tool and process, although it takes a plurality of machine tools to complete all processing, but the production efficiency has been greatly improved, and the requirements for workers have also been reduced. In this way, industrial mass production began to show its initial power, rather than relying on the number of people to complete mass production as before. In the Civil War, the U.S. imperialists were initially able to explode breeches and guns in a way that required less personnel and a smaller burden on the country than at any time in previous history. The industrial machine tool has initially exerted its great power in this regard. The Germans, seeing this, began its catch-up in the 19th century.

With the development of industrialization, people have higher and higher requirements for mass production, and finally, the greatest symbol of the mechanical age has appeared, which is the assembly line that the little whites are very excited about. Let's take a look at the Ford Model T that whites like to talk about the most:

In 1913, Ford applied innovative ideas and reverse thinking logic to propose that in automobile assembly, the chassis of a car travels from one end to the other at a certain speed on a conveyor belt. In the process of moving forward, gradually install the engine, air control system, cabin, steering wheel, instrument cluster, lights, window glass, wheels, etc. The first assembly line shortened the assembly time of each Model T car from 12 hours and 28 minutes to 10 seconds, and increased the production efficiency by 4,488 times!

But here we should pay attention to two issues:

1. 10 seconds is the interval between two cars up and down the assembly line, not the complete time required for the assembly of a car, and the complete time required for the assembly of a car (the time from this end of the assembly line to the time from that end of the assembly line) has not been reduced much, or the division of labor and parallel mode of the assembly line can not reduce this time. That is, the parallel mode of production with a division of labor does not in itself increase the labor productivity of many workers. The division of labor and parallel production itself has a long history and is not an invention of Ford. The assembly line is an excellent application of the parallel division of labor. Many novice authors tend to equate the parallel production method of division of labor with an assembly line, which is completely wrong. The division of labor and parallel mode of production has been since human beings have been producing, in ancient China it was called the overall planning method, the Song Dynasty's Ding Wei (originally written as Shen Kuo, thanks to Fan Gonggong's correction, if you can get out of the palace it would be better) in the repair of the palace when this method is very good, on the textbook. But no one had ever used this method to the point where Ford had done it before, because the technology at that time was not up to the level and could not be implemented.

2. In order to reduce this complete time and improve the labor productivity of workers, Ford has studied many methods, such as: loading the parts of the assembled car in an open box, placing them on the conveyor belt, and sending them to the mechanics, and the workers only need to stand on both sides of the conveyor belt, saving the time of going back and forth to get parts. Moreover, when assembling the chassis, let the workers drag the chassis through a pile of pre-arranged parts, and the workers responsible for the assembly only need to install, so that the assembly speed is naturally accelerated. Later, the workers' actions were standardized, and the time to reduce each step of the process was studied, that is, the managers used a stopwatch to measure the time for workers to complete various actions of the processing process, and found out the fastest action. This approach is well represented in Chaplin's film "Modern Times". What the? Haven't you seen it? Then what kind of overhead article did you write about the 2nd World War, and what sea did you go to explode?

。。。。。

Thinking of this, Andrei understood why Stalin didn't want Germany to pay for gold but asked for a lot of equipment, this road to industrialization is really difficult! So how did the USSR burst out of the T34 Sea? The answer is -- professional automatic machine tools represented by combination machine tools (mechanized automatic machine tools with camshaft control)!!

That's right, CNC machine tools were there automated machine tools before? That's right, don't think that you can't automate production without computers, and if you hear about automation, you can associate it with computers, please read more books!

Combined machine tools are semi-automatic or automatic special machine tools based on general components and equipped with special parts and fixtures designed according to the specific shape and processing technology of the workpiece. Generally, it adopts multi-axis, multi-tool, multi-process, multi-surface or multi-station simultaneous processing, and the production efficiency is several times to hundreds of times higher than that of general machine tools, and is widely used in mass and mass production, and can be used to form automatic production lines. Combination machine tools are generally used to process box or special shape parts. During machining, the workpiece generally does not rotate, and the rotary motion of the tool and the relative feed movement of the tool and the workpiece are used to realize drilling, reaming, countersinking, reaming, boring, milling plane, cutting internal and external threads, and processing of external circles and end faces. Some combined machine tools use turning heads to clamp the workpiece to rotate it, and the tool makes feed movements, and can also realize the outer circle and end face processing of some rotary body parts (such as flywheels, automobile rear axle half shafts, etc.).

The first combination machine tool was created in 1911 by Greenley Company in the United States for processing automobile parts. In 1926, the first automatic production line (processing automobile chassis) was built in the United States on the basis of combined machine tools. Of course, such a combination of machine technology is difficult, and the manufacturing requirements are very high.

The automatic production line is composed of multiple combined machine tools in the form of assembly lines, and finally, the door to large-scale standardization and industrial production has been completely opened.

Before the era of numerical control really entered the industrial mass production, the automatic machine tools and production lines represented by the combined machine tools are the crown jewels of the large-scale production of the processing industry, the difficulty is extremely high, the cost is very great, and the country that has not mastered this technology and application is not qualified to dominate the world.

The machine tool industry produces a wide variety of machine tools and high requirements. It is impossible to solve this problem by importing, even if there is money to buy things, just like the Qing Dynasty back then, even if you buy all kinds of machine tools in the world, but if you can't take advantage of this to absorb and master the machine tool ability, once the product is updated, many professional machine tools are useless, and the industrialization that you bought collapsed like a castle on the beach. There is an old saying that vividly illustrates this point: after 50 years of hard work, you will return to the pre-liberation period overnight.

In the overhead text, a big country that wants to dominate the world, if there is no machine tool industry that has mastered the complete machine tool design and manufacturing capabilities, what XX sea wants to explode, it is a complete joke. You can buy a lot of machines, but can you improve the design and manufacture of these machines? Is it possible to supply the required machines as soon as new requirements are put forward in other industrial sectors? If not, it is completely an FC in the war of the mechanical age, and it can only be drowned by the XX sea exploded by others.

In this regard, the Wa Kingdom of World War II is a typical example. Although it is a great power, in many ways began to catch up with the United States, the Soviet Union, Germany, Britain, France and other powers, although it created Yamato, zero war and other surprising weapons, but the industry is backward, basically can not see the United States, the Soviet Union like the semi-automatic production line (don't mention to me at that time, compared to the industry of the Japanese country, that is, beggars), that is, the industrial machine can not provide other industrial industries with products that meet the requirements of the mechanical age, can only burst into tears in front of the P51, B29, and Essex-class aircraft carriers exploded by the United States, In the end, Comrade Steelman's T34 sea completely crossed the last fighting spirit. There are many people who attribute the defeat of the Japanese State to the constraints of resources, but didn't the Japanese War grab resources in the early stage, but because its industrial machine is not good, when it needs to explode the sea of various weapons, it will not be able to explode, and in the end it can only be ** by others.

Of course, this crown jewel has a great disadvantage, that is, too tough, the product must be finalized to do so, if the product is changed, the machine tool will be changed or replaced, the production line will be adjusted, and even the entire production line will be completely scrapped. Such a line is too expensive to use this method for small to medium batch production. This problem was not solved until the advent of the CNC era.

Andrei changed these memories and told Ustinov, and Ustinov suddenly felt that he had met a bosom friend, so he said happily: "Andrei came here and let's have this drink!" ”