Wang Bi's social outlook is that "famous education comes from nature". This is the mainstream of metaphysical social outlook www.biquge.info

Mingjiao is Confucianism, and metaphysicians changed the name of Confucianism to Mingjiao, which means the teaching of correct names, which only highlights the social nature of Confucianism, and is no longer the highest theory, and the highest theory is given to metaphysics. Confucianism is only the highest theory of society, and is no longer the highest theory of the world and man.

Famous teaching comes from nature, and this sentence is borrowed from the social view of Confucianism. The most important social view of metaphysics is that 'famous education comes from nature', which is the result of 'compromise' with the Confucian social view. This view is most valued by metaphysicians. Later, there was Ji Kang's 'Beyond the Famous Religion and Let Nature', and Guo Xiang's 'Famous Teaching is Nature', but it was not taken seriously.

"Nothing as the foundation" laid the foundation of metaphysics. Wang Bi's 'based on nothing, taking existence as the end' is not a set of idealistic worldview. The former sentence is idealistic, and the latter sentence is materialistic. Taking existence as an image and taking existence as a body, most metaphysicians do not admit it. On the contrary, he admits that Lao Tzu's "no one begets one, one begets two, two begets three, and three begets all things", that is, 'something out of nothing'.

Metaphysics is a contradiction in acknowledging the idealistic "nothingness", but not daring to deny the existence of "being" (all things).

Metaphysicians want to be free. But everybody is free. The serfs in the manor are also free to go, how to maintain the production of the manor! Wouldn't the liberals starve to death. The libertarian emphasizes the individual's obedience and use of nature, and only studies the relationship between the theory of human nature and the worldview, which lacks a link in the social view, which makes his biggest defect is that he does not have an independent and feasible social view.

The worldview of the ancient doctrine seems to be an outline, but in fact its worldview is in the service of its social outlook. At this time, Buddhism, which had an idealistic view of society, had been introduced to China, but it had not yet spread, and there was no precedent for success in society. Until the Western Jin Dynasty, Buddhism was still in the stage of 'translation' of Buddhist scriptures. In this way, the only social morality that was mature and feasible at that time was Confucianism, so if metaphysics wanted to attach itself to Confucianism at that time, it could not deny 'existence', and it was impossible to come to the final conclusion of idealism based on 'nothing' and 'being' as the image (emptiness).

There was a clear contradiction between the metaphysical worldview and the Confucian social outlook that was feasible at the time. He believes that nature is based on 'nothing', but he does not dare to deny the existence of 'being'. Confucian morality is a promising 'social outlook', and if 'being' is merely turned into an image, it cannot be combined with the Confucian social outlook.

The reason why metaphysics is mysterious is because its core is based on nothingness, but it does not dare and cannot shout 'taking existence as an image'. Therefore, the ultimate view of metaphysics, 'taking existence as an image', was not accepted by metaphysicians. Wang Bi also said that there is something that cannot be liked.

The social outlook of metaphysics still cannot escape Confucianism. Because, no matter how you let the country do nothing, the activities within your family and within the manor must be promising. The most important social outlook of metaphysics is that 'famous teachings come from nature', which is the result of 'compromise' with the Confucian social outlook. This process was also very complicated and tortuous, and it was finally completed by Wang Bi.

Wang Bi went to visit Pei Hui, the leader of the Qing Dynasty at that time. As soon as Pei Hui saw Wang Bi, he specially tested him with the "important topics" that Qing talked about at that time, and asked: "'Nothing' is the source of the generation of all things, which is already the consensus of everyone, but Confucius does not talk about it, while Lao Tzu discusses the whole book non-stop, why is this?" ”

How to bring the social outlook of Confucianism into the worldview of metaphysics, which is the biggest problem of metaphysics?

Wang Bi, who was only 17 years old, said: "Confucius knew that the 'Tao' could not be fully expressed, so Confucius never spoke of the 'Tao'. But every word and every line of his expression shows the highest level of the Tao. And Lao Tzu seems to understand whether he understands or not, so he nagged endlessly. (The saint has nothing, and there is no training, so he does not say it; Lao Tzu is also a person, so Hengyan has nothing to lose. ）?

Wang Bi's statement was like a thunderclap on a sunny day, shocking the entire metaphysical community, as I said earlier, it is difficult for the idealistic worldview and human nature theory of metaphysics to guide the public. Therefore, before religion was revealed, metaphysics could only grasp the "promising" Confucian social outlook. Therefore, how to apply Confucius's theory to metaphysics became a major difficult topic to solve at that time, which is also where the mystery lies.

Xun Can once put forward the 'theory of inexhaustibility'. What he means is that people cannot express their own meaning clearly through their own words, so as to show that Confucius did not express the 'Tao' in his heart, so 'the six classics are all bad'. In this way, I want not to deny Confucius, but also to exclude Confucian writings that contradict metaphysics. But no one agrees with this statement, if it is really 'not enough', then these metaphysicians don't need to write any books. It doesn't work.

Confucius only did what he didn't say, and Wang Bi's statement made the metaphysicians forcibly attach Confucius and Confucianism, which made the metaphysicians burst into tears of excitement. At that time, the top figures Pei Hui and Fu Wei were shocked. He Yan praised it greatly, saying: "Confucius once said, 'The afterlife is terrible!'" "A person like Wang Bi, who is young, can talk about such a big issue as 'the occasion of heaven and man'! ”

Wang Bi's statement not only affirmed Confucius's Confucian view of reality (social view), but also affirmed the higher status of metaphysics, laying the foundation for his 'famous teaching comes from nature'. Its essence is to combine the metaphysical world view and the theory of human nature with the Confucian social view to achieve a perfect social theory. However, since the worldview of metaphysics has evolved towards metaphysics and idealism, its combination with Confucianism's social outlook is a far-fetched and unavoidable last resort, and once religion comes, it will say goodbye to Confucianism. Because metaphysics and Buddhism have almost the same worldview, based on nothing, then it should be the four major emptiness, and the emptiness of existence, metaphysics has become an 'excessive' doctrine that approaches the doctrine of idealism.

Liberal philosophy cannot become the dominant ideological form. Because with his 'self' worldview, it is impossible to refine a viable social view. The ideas of He Yan and Wang Bi made the rulers more presumptuous. In the past, 'moral education' made officials take the pursuit of merit as the highest goal, and retreated to the second place, seeking hypocrisy. (Hypocrisy is always better than outright robbery). Let the bad guys in the world become pseudo-people first, and the world will be a better place. Can you be hypocritical, Israel, and stop killing people nakedly.

Wang Bi was only twenty-four years old when he died, his theory was too extreme, completely 'inaction', only representing the interests of the highest nobles, and his statement did not say that the poor did not agree, even the scholar class did not agree. The third-class scholars also want to strive to become second-class scholars. The second-class scholars also want to become first-class scholars. Everything in the world is moving all the time, even if you sit on a chair and are relatively still, in fact, your body is constantly rotating, crazy aging. People must be "promising", and if they don't eat for three days, they will be truly still.

Some people say that there is no class or not, and that ideology and academia have nothing to do with politics, but Wang Bi's thought is used to guide politics, the so-called "braking with quietness", "governing the country with quietness", and "ruling by inaction".

Wang Bi was born in a famous family, and his grandfather (step-grandfather) was Wang Cang, the head of the seven sons of Jian'an. When Wang Cang died at the age of forty-one, Cao Pi took the ministers of civil and military affairs to the funeral, and Cao Pi said to the ministers at the tomb: "Wang Cang listens to the donkey's barking, you all call it for a while." ”

So there was a sound of a donkey barking!

The core of the ideology and scholarship of the aristocratic and noble family and the big entrepreneur must be the freedom of 'self'. First of all, he has the ability to live freely. Second, it can make it easier for them to make money, and where there is a price difference, they can take their capital wherever they go. Therefore, the ideology and scholarship of the aristocratic and noble families must be centered on freedom.

And the poor people, first of all, must survive, not to be deducted from wages; After ten years of hard work, when you are promoted to a small section chief, don't be calculated by people with background. Civilian ideology and scholarship are centered on social justice.

Chinese Confucianism began when the hereditary aristocracy of the Warring States period was weakened and matured in the small peasant society after the Song Dynasty. Therefore, Confucianism has formed a kind of "justice" thought. Even sometimes it goes to extremes, such as not suffering from poverty, but suffering from inequality.

Due to the aristocratic society in China in the Wei, Jin, and Southern Dynasties, free ideas emerged during this period, which were not understood by later generations of small peasant scholars. Society has changed, how to understand it? The small-scale peasant society is known as 'rich for no more than three generations', how to understand the era of 'one rich is more than ten generations!'

This idea of freedom was mainly aimed at safeguarding the interests of the aristocracy, and it also affected the toiling masses. This is different from the free thought represented by Wang Fuzhi in the late Ming Dynasty.

Zi said: "The people are more benevolent than fire and water." Fire and water, I saw the dead and did not see the benevolent and died. ”

Wang Bi noted at the back: The people are far away from benevolence, even farther away from water and fire, and there are those who have died in water and fire, and those who have not tasted benevolence have died.

This shows Wang Bi's overconfidence and flamboyance as a high-ranking scholar. Confucius meant: I have seen people who fell into fire and water and died; I have never seen anyone who fell into charity and drowned. Wang Bi showed extreme sarcasm: I have seen people who trampled on water and fire and died, but I have never seen people who trampled on 'benevolence' and died!

History played a cruel joke with Wang Bi in this way. It is precisely he himself who trampled on 'charity' and died. Wang Bi is attached to Cao Shuang, and often bullies doctors by virtue of his youth and vigor, and can speak well. After the successful coup d'état, Sima first dismissed his gang and sent him home. And then kill them one by one, and the situation couldn't be clearer. But before it was his turn, the twenty-three-year-old Wang Bi was scared to death first.

Have you ever been hurt by the immoral behavior of others, and they should be moral in front of you. So everyone but you should be ethical! Any viable ideological doctrine must compromise with social 'morality'.

Freedom is a human need and must be maintained by society. Morality is the compromise of human beings to human society. The immoral behavior of others is bound to interfere with your freedom.

Sadly, the free actions of others can also interfere with your freedom. Your son is skipping school, your daughter is in early love, and your daughter-in-law is cheating. I have to say that this is also the freedom of others.

Morality is the compromise of human beings to human society, and morality guarantees your freedom. Morality is man's perception of civilization. I say it differently from Kant, who believed that morality is something deep in the human heart. I believe that morality is a compromise of the freedom of others and ultimately used to protect one's own rights.

Wang Bi's "based on nothing" supports the view of "quiet and inaction" in governing the country, and the social concept of "famous education comes from nature" does not deny the "promising" of manor production. This was widely recognized by the scholars. Because it protects the interests of the nobles. The government only needs to collect taxes, and the people are managed by the noble estates.

Although Wang Bi's 'famous religion comes from nature' is the mainstream of metaphysical social outlook. But there are two points of view in metaphysics, one on the left and one on the right.

On the left is Ji Kang's 'Teach Beyond the Name and Let Nature'. It refers to the natural release of human nature beyond Confucianism, and boldly denies the Confucian social outlook.

The second point of view of metaphysics is "to teach more than to teach and let nature be; judging the noble and the lowly and understanding the situation". This idea is that if you don't take worldly ideas to heart, you can conform to nature and transcend nature. Be reasonable, think without being confined to desires, and be able to see through the rich and the poor.

A poor man, there is no food at home, his wife is making trouble, and his three children are crying, you let him go there to 'keep quiet and get rid of dryness'. The theory of the individualist is used to guide the elite. So what about the others, the others just follow the elite.

Of course, Ji Kang also knew, so he added a limiting word 'husband and gentleman' in front of this sentence. That is to say, only a gentleman can do this. The villain can't do it, you still have to work hard in the farmland. In fact, the aristocracy can be relaxed, but others cannot.

This point of view is a bold step towards the secular world and the division of people into hierarchies. (The term Shishu Tianjiao was officially proposed, after the decline of the Shi clan and after Liu Song)

This view is more individualistic than a rejection of the Confucian view of society. In the Jin Dynasty, when Confucianism was at its lowest, it was still called the Holy Religion. Confucius is still revered as a saint. Wang Bi satirized Confucianism, but also believed that Confucius was a sage, while Lao Tzu was not a sage. However, the school of 'teaching beyond the name and letting nature go' only admires Zhuangzi. The pursuit of freedom, liberalization, wealth and longevity. No living school of thought can negate social morality. This faction denies social morality and is not accepted by the majority of the scholars.

Ji Kang asks the society to be 'quiet and inactive', and not to think that he himself is quiet and inactive. Historical records record that on both occasions when guests visited, Ji Kang was 'smelting' by the scorching fire. It was not because he had this hobby, it only showed the desire of the owners of the manor for fine ironware. Iron smelting was the most cutting-edge and most needed technology of that era, or munitions.

Ji Kang, who put forward this view, fantasized about a set of mental methods for a long life, but he was killed by the imperial court at the age of 39. Overly liberal anarchism is not recognized by any society. Freedom in the West is also centered around economic freedom. The cornerstone of Western freedom is "Capitalism and Freedom" in 1961, which talks about a free economy, but they proclaim that freedom is a universal value. If you believe, he will push you into the church and say that the old man on the cross is a universal value. Because the Western view of society comes from religion. (The author believes that true universal values can only be love, justice, and everything that revolves around human rights.) ）

The last view of the 'social outlook' of metaphysics is that 'famous religion is nature' put forward by Guo Xiang, referring to Confucianism as the 'Tao' of metaphysics. Some people say that this statement makes Confucianism fuse. In fact, Guo Xiang is copying the rigid routine and pulling the metaphysics back. It is hoped that metaphysics will be integrated into Confucianism. Guo Xiang's statement was not accepted in the early stage, and his statement seriously violated the worldview of metaphysics, which is 'based on nothing'. However, the merciless slaughter of the sergeants in the Yongjia Rebellion made the sergeants see clearly the dangers of pursuing freedom and abandoning responsibility. The idea that 'religion is nature' began to be valued. Later, this view did not have much influence, because it did not take long for Buddhism to rise, and the social outlook of Buddhism was more in line with the aristocracy's doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven (Shishu Tianjiao) than the Confucian philosophy of seeking benevolence and righteousness.

Metaphysics focuses on the relationship between the outlook on life and the world. He has an idealistic worldview in common with religion. Metaphysics lacks a social outlook; Religion lacks the theory of human nature. In this way, the two complement each other. The goal of such metaphysical reconciliation is religion. Guo Xiangqiang pulled the cow back in vain. However, Guo Xiang's status in metaphysics is very high, because he developed the metaphysical theory of human nature.

The early metaphysical theory of human nature was still motivated.

"Zhuangzi" is originally outside the hundred schools. Taoism refers to 'Huang Lao' and not Lao Zhuang. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, metaphysicians not only admired Laozi, but also admired Zhuangzi, because Zhuangzi started from the theory of human nature, only studied the influence of the objective world on people, discussed the relationship between world view and outlook on life, and emphasized that human nature obeys nature, then it is free and selfless.

Lao Tzu emphasized that the social outlook is subordinate to the worldview. Wang Bi emphasized that this is the end of the worship of the original, and proposed to respect the end of the foundation. It's not just about obedience, it's about taking advantage of it.

Guo Xiang's theory of human nature represents the theory of human nature in the later period of metaphysics. Guo Xiang's lofty position in metaphysics is still laid by his words--- "Those who work tirelessly are also the solidity of the mandate of heaven." Although it is sent to the personnel, and the difference is in the sky."

This sentence shows that everything has its own nature, and "each has its own part". All the high and low ranks are "natural principles" and "natural nature". So that metaphysics to his ultimate goal of 'the world is separated, and people are divided into ranks'.

In the eyes of the scholars, there is not much difference between slaves and cattle and horses, and the destiny is to work for the lord of the manor. It can be seen from this that the theory of the early individualist was very flawed, and it is clear that he was in a subordinate position in the peace with religion.