The greatest contribution of the Tao Te Ching is to expound the influence of the objective world on human society, emphasizing that the development of human society must conform to the objective world, and emphasizing that the social outlook is subordinate to the world view. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 ｉｎｆｏ

As a direct official of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Lao Tzu proceeded from the interests of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty court and preached the idea of a small country and a widow. Regardless of whether the Qin State or the Qi State is sealed, if they only seal a castle, they will not be able to do anything big, and the Zhou Dynasty will be stable. This idea sounds right at first glance, but it is divorced from reality, not to mention that there are powerful countries outside the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it is said that only the princes of one city and one place, driven by interests, can also become strong.

However, the Tao Te Ching vividly expounds the influence of the objective world, that is, the Tao on people. Tao and morality, planning the world with a world view and a social view, have had a huge impact on various ideological trends in later generations. Lao Tzu said: Heaven and earth are not benevolent, and all things are used as dogs; The saints are unkind, and they use the people as dogs. The road is wasted, and there is benevolence and righteousness. Absolute sainthood and abandonment of wisdom, the people benefit a hundred times; Absolute benevolence and abandonment of righteousness, and the people restore filial piety. This sentence has been used to criticize Confucianism for 2,000 years, but this sentence is forged by the Western Han Dynasty. In October 1993, the Warring States Bamboo Slips were discovered, the original text was: Absolute wisdom and abandonment of defense, the people's benefits are 100 times; Never hypocrisy and abandon worries, and restore filial piety to the people.

Lao Tzu is all about the people, not the people, which shows that Lao Tzu is discussing the relationship between world view and social view. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, metaphysicians not only admired Laozi, but also admired Zhuangzi, because Zhuangzi started from the theory of human nature, only studied the influence of the objective world on people, discussed the relationship between world view and outlook on life, and emphasized that human nature obeys nature, then it is free and selfless.

Metaphysics also discusses the relationship between the outlook on life and nature, so metaphysics admires Zhuangzi more. Zhuangzi's getaway is a masterpiece of the relationship between outlook on life and worldview.

Lao Tzu is only the periphery of metaphysics; The Zhuangzi is the center of gravity of metaphysics.

In history, "Zhuangzi" has no sect and no faction, and it is outside all factions. Before the Wei and Jin dynasties, there were few mentions of this book, and even if there were individual mentions, it was because of the outstanding writing of the book "Zhuangzi", and individual passages were quoted in the texts. Taoism has always been dominated by Huang Lao, and does not attach importance to the Zhuangzi.

Zhuangzi was a wealthy man, Sima Qian recorded that he wrote more than 100,000 words, in ancient times, a bamboo slip could type 1,200 characters, a book had to be pulled by an ox cart, and how many craftsmen were needed to make a book for 100,000 words, and how many senior craftsmen were required to engrave the characters for it. The advanced craftsmen of ancient lettering can be different from the people who carve stone tablets today, the ancient sages did not write a word, only spoke with their mouths, and these craftsmen carved on bamboo slips. So these craftsmen are literate, and even I think these people are the descendants of non-descendant nobles.

Zhuangzi's lecture on human nature was the beginning of Chinese liberal thought. And his books will only be recognized when there is a mass emergence of a high-end class like his. Therefore, it was not until after the Wei and Jin dynasties that Zhuangzi was valued by the mature scholar class. It was only during this period that the Zhuangzi Notes became popular.

The 'people' written in the book "Lao Tzu" are all people, not individual 'people'. This shows that Lao Tzu himself is discussing the relationship between world view and social view. In the Wei and Jin dynasties, metaphysicians not only admired Laozi, but also admired Zhuangzi, because Zhuangzi started from the theory of human nature, only studied the influence of the objective world on the individual 'man', discussed the relationship between world view and outlook on life, and emphasized that human nature obeys nature, then it is free and selfless.

"Zhuangzi, Miscellaneous, Let the King" is considered by many to be the most absurd. At the beginning of this article, it was said that Yao gave the world to the Zizhou branch, and the father and son of the Zhou branch said that it was okay to let me be the son of heaven, but I was suffering from a very deep and stubborn disease, and I was planning to treat it seriously, and I had no free time to cure the world

Shun asked the world to give Zizhou Zhibo, Zizhou Zhibo said, I am suffering from a very deep and stubborn disease, and I am planning to treat it seriously, and I have no extra time to govern the world

Shun also gave the world to Shanjuan, Shanjuan said, I am in the universe, I wear soft fur in winter, wear fine kudzu cloth in summer, plough the land in the spring, and plant my body to bear such labor, harvest and store myself in the autumn, and completely satisfy the provisions, and when the sun rises, I will go down to work in the field, and when the sun goes down, I will return home to rest in peace and live between heaven and earth without restraint, and the happiness in my heart can only be received by myself, and where can I use it to rule the world, sad. ”

Whether it is a branch father or a branch uncle, they will not be ordinary people, they should be high-ranking tribal chiefs themselves.

If Heaven says to a group of billionaires, if you are given the choice to be emperor for one year, you will live another 30 years. If these billionaires don't have water in their brains, they won't be emperors. And if you find a hundred beggars and ask them if they will die after being emperor for a year, or will they continue to live like this for another thirty years? There may be some people who stand up and choose to be emperor for a year.

Therefore, Zhuangzi's remarks sound unbelievable, but in fact, the masses have not reached his level. Zhuangzi attaches great importance to life and enjoys life, and must have a certain material foundation as the backing.

For those who are wealthy and have a material foundation to back them, one more day of peace and stability is to stay in heaven one more day. Value life and enjoy life.

The old doctrine of freedom may even sound absurd, but it is like love, justice, and even solidarity. These doctrines, at the time of their origin, were very naïve. In ancient civilizations, tribal 'unity' was even achieved by wizards pretending to be ghosts. But as people's cognitive level increases, he will become extraordinarily brilliant, like a ball of clay turning into fine porcelain.

In the Wei and Jin dynasties, the scholars rose to become the main 'group'. Metaphysics also discusses the relationship between the outlook on life and nature, so metaphysics admires Zhuangzi more. Zhuangzi's Getaway is a masterpiece of the relationship between human nature and world view.

I have to say that liberals, called individualism in the West, advocate freedom in their outlook on life. The concept of freedom should be embraced by the Confucian outlook on life. Zhuangzi values life and enjoys life.

The metaphysicians used Laozi and Zhuangzi together, opening up the doctrine of freedom in China. Of course, it is still very imperfect, but it has had a huge impact on Confucianism and Buddhism. When people have a certain amount of material security and get rid of food and clothing, they will inevitably receive attention when they attach importance to life and enjoy life. Confucianism and Buddhism had to pay attention to the Zhuangzi.