Because the history of the West for more than 1,500 years was written by religious people. The pen is interesting and www.biquge.info has many implications and even falsifications of pre-religious philosophical thoughts. So much so that it is impossible for future generations to study it deeply and pick it up again. Fraternity and justice predate the history of Western religions. But what has been tampered with has long been changed beyond recognition and cannot be picked up. I had to come to the East to borrow 'righteousness'.

When Chinese archaeologists excavated the original work of "Lao Tzu" in the Warring States Period in 1993, they were surprised to find that we had read "Lao Tzu" for 2,000 years, which turned out to be the version after being tampered with by Han Confucianism. Because of the widespread spread of forgeries, most of us today still study Confucian forgeries. Sad, or ridiculous.

Analyzing metaphysics--- pipe cone in the ancient West, may work

(1) Metaphysical worldview

The Western Jin Dynasty looks so different, but in fact, it is an alternative era in Chinese history. This was an era of "free" enlightenment.

The first sentence of the Shanghai text "A Song of Hu Ji to Save the Lonely City" is wrong: "In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, the northern Hun cavalry often went south to harass"

Heading south? People's nests can be in the south of Taiyuan. Even the textbooks have made such a big mistake, how can they not be different.

The emergence and development of metaphysics once again proves Engels' sentence, "The economy is the foundation of society." Society will dispose of all these things according to plans based on real resources and the needs of society as a whole. ”

The social reality of the two Jin Dynasty is that under the current level of science and technology, the manor economy represents the highest productivity of the society. Therefore, in all aspects, the society must revolve around how to better adapt to the development of the manor economy.

At that time, the manor economy ensured the survival of the vast number of poor people to the greatest extent, protected the increase of the wealth of the nobles, and ensured the increase of royal taxes to the greatest extent.

It is difficult to understand the importance of ensuring the payment of taxes to the royal family, and throughout the two Jin dynasties, "soil breaking" was a big problem for the royal family. Later scholars believed that the nobles hindered the increase in royal taxes. In fact, from another point of view, there are still a large number of tax evasion and tax evasion in today's large enterprise economy, and the proportion of taxes levied by the state on them is much smaller than that of small enterprises. However, this does not change the role of large enterprises as the main body of state taxation. Because they represent the highest technology, the highest productivity.

The low percentage of taxes levied on the estates led to the homesteaders even becoming dependent on the estates.

For the royal family, the central interest was to collect taxes to the maximum extent possible for their enjoyment without causing social unrest. Therefore, no matter how much he hated the nobles asking him for privileges, he could only support the manor economy more cooperatively.

One of the purposes of the Jin law, which was nearly 80% lower than that of the Han Dynasty, was to give power to the lord of the manor, so that the owner of the manor could better manage the manor, so as to achieve the maximum increase in taxes under the condition of social stability.

Of course, Jin Law also has additions. Let's examine this "miscellaneous crime". This law was not available in the Han Dynasty, but was added to the Jin law. "Miscellaneous crimes" ensured the authority of the nobles in the manor.

This law was not in the Han Dynasty, and Emperor Guangwu issued an edict as soon as he came to power, stipulating that the world valued people, and that any act of harming the body of slaves was equivalent to harming civilians, and that it must be punished, and no form of reduction was allowed. Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty issued an edict in 35 A.D. "The nature of heaven and earth, man is precious." The crime of killing slaves and maidservants shall not be reduced. ”

In the Western Jin Dynasty, without this "miscellaneous crime", it would be difficult for the scholars to manage the tribes, guests and tenants in the manor. That is to say, if the lord of the manor orders someone to discount a leg, he will only be fined. For the tribes, the formation of a legitimate terror in the manor is conducive to the organization and allocation of production activities by the lord of the manor.

Under the manor system, the nobles had held the lifeblood of the country's production for generations, and had the capital to ask the royal family for more privileges. A new idea that is more conducive to safeguarding the interests of the nobles was born. Metaphysics is one of the representatives.

Metaphysics is not difficult to understand today, although the content of a mature social theory is delicate and even complex, the outline must be clear or even simple.

For example, Confucianism, what does Confucianism say?

Confucianism is that the theory of human nature is subordinated to the social outlook, and the goal of the theory of human nature is the "gentleman". A kind of person who is completely obedient to the needs of society. The social outlook is benevolence, righteousness, and courtesy. It's as simple and clear as that. Of course, if you study deeply, it will be delicate, and you will finish learning the "Thirteen Classics", which is the beginning.

Any doctrine that is already profound and complicated from the 'purpose' is a charlatan.

The worldview of metaphysics is simple, but not clear. (This is the reason why it is "Xuan")

If you want to understand metaphysics, you first have to understand Wang Bi. After Wang Su quoted the "Dao" to aid Confucianism, people began to study what this "Dao" (the law of nature) was.

In this, Wang Bi's doctrine opened up metaphysics.

A doctrine is basically composed of a world view, a social view, and a view of life. Speaking of metaphysics, just like any ancient social theory, it doesn't matter that it expounds three aspects, namely, world view, social view, and life view.

The worldview of metaphysics is the 'based on nothing' proposed by Wang Bi. This argument opens the door to metaphysics.

The main social view of metaphysics is that 'famous religion begins with nature', and it still wants to include Confucian morality. This point was also put forward by Wang Bi.

The metaphysical outlook on life is the theory of talent. The Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Nine Grades of the Zhongzheng System needed to examine talents, so the theory of human nature was also the core content of Qing Talk. The core content of Qing Tan is the worldview and the theory of human nature. Prove their social outlook with an idealistic worldview and a theory of human nature---- govern the country with tranquility, and divide people into hierarchies.

Wang Bi's worldview is: nothing is the foundation, and there is the end.

The worldview of metaphysics is based on nothing and the end of being. This was proposed by Wang Bi. This is a 'play' of Lao Tzu's idea of 'the beginning of the nameless heaven and earth', not a development.

Lao Tzu advocates non-action, but Lao Tzu's nature (i.e., world view) is not based on nothing, but 'the door of all wonders'. In the vernacular, it's ---- too mysterious to figure out. Some people will say that if you don't understand, it's also called a worldview? The author would like to say that Lao Tzu's worldview is the most accurate worldview known. Let's not talk about this first, and then talk about Wang Bi's nothingness.

We still have Confucianism and godless genes in our bones, so we can't do what the name suggests. 'Nothing as the foundation' is really groundbreaking for Chinese classical liberalism!

This is the pioneering doctrine of liberalism (called individualism in the West). The world is nothing, so what is "there"?!

Right! Only you and I "have", and only 'self' is there.

The focus of metaphysics is no longer on society, but on the individual (self), which is the origin of individualism.

Early individualism simply brought the 'man' out of the world. Although individualists advocate that "self" exists, metaphysicians have not yet clearly deduced it, and only stay at 'nothing'. At this time, the mainstream of Western philosophy was Plotinus, the representative of the Neo-Platonic school, who 'all things in one life', and in the future, 'all things will be one'. Many people explain that his one (theone) is actually zero. It was only after the Enlightenment that Western philosophy began to enter into in-depth study.

"Nothing as the foundation" opened up the study of "existentialism" in the East. "Existentialism" is a major topic of what Kant's so-called first philosophy in the West.

Let's not evaluate it with Confucian glasses, but just make a simple understanding.

Individualism classics: I think, therefore I am. (My suspicion only affirms my existence, and the rest is 'general suspicion'.)

Hegel said: "Man comes from nothingness to being in the world, and consciousness thus becomes a being 'self-being'." ”

Today, the highest elaboration of 'ontology' in the West comes from Husserl (1859-1938) and Heidegger (1889-1976). The doctrines of their masters and apprentices are slightly different, and they are all very complex, but the main body is similar.

Husserl believed that the world is a phenomenon (similar to nothing), that only the 'self' is real, and that everything is a "transcendental self".

Heidegger argues that since Plato, the 'being' has been wrongly equated with all beings, and Western philosophy has gone further and further in this error. He believes that only the 'self' is 'here'.

Of course, compared with the individualistic masters of 1,500 years later, Wang Bi's doctrine is still very low. Wang Bi said that everything in the world is originally static, and no matter how you push him, he will eventually be still. So it's better not to push than not to push. He also boldly extended and criticized Confucianism: no matter how benevolent you treat the lowly, the lowly will still be lowly in the end. Therefore, "promising" is not as good as "inaction", so it is necessary to "brake with stillness, govern the country with quietness, and govern by inaction".

In order to demonstrate the political proposition of "ruling the people with the king", Wang Bi used the relationship between one and many to demonstrate the inevitability of "ruling the people with a few" and "ruling the people with one". Wang Bi believes that "one is the mainstay" is the "inevitable principle" and universal law of the universe, and the people must be unified with the king. He said, "Zong, the Lord of all things; Jun, the Lord of all things. ”

Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching argues that the development of human society must conform to the objective world, emphasizing that social outlook is subordinate to world outlook. Lao Tzu sees the world from the perspective of society, that is, from the perspective of human beings.

Wang Bi draws out Zhuangzi and looks at the world from a personal perspective. Starting from the 'theory of human nature', Wang Bi only attaches importance to the 'Tao' in the Tao Te Ching, and criticizes Lao Tzu's above views as 'respecting the essence and the end'. We should 'respect the basics and the end', and pay attention to the fundamentals in order to make the branches and leaves grow better. It is believed that people should master and use the 'Tao' in order to achieve individual freedom and do as they please.

Wang Bi emphasized that the outlook on life should grasp and make use of the 'objective world'. There is a relationship between this and his teacher Wang Su. Wang Su proposed, "Survival and misfortune are all one's own." Natural disasters and earth demons cannot be added. "If you worship the Tao and virtue, the saint will come." But Wang Bi only worships the Tao and does not respect virtue.

The core interest of the lord of the manor is the accumulation of wealth. However, the wealth generated by the estate came mainly from surplus grain, cloth, wine, and fruit. These things were not easy to store and had to be exchanged for currency in a timely manner, so the lords of the estates needed a relaxed political environment. Need for mobility and commerce. The government's 'rule by inaction' is the best support for social mobility.

Wang Bi's non-existent worldview has become the mainstream of metaphysics.

The worldview of metaphysics also has Pei's theory of reverence, but its influence is not great. Pei's theory of reverence is very influential in a very short period of time, because he was a powerful minister in that period. The biggest influence is He Yan and Wang Bi's nothingness.

Because Pei Bi is Empress Jia's most talented relative, Pei Bi has been popular in the political arena. Wang Yan and Le Guang were the Nanshan Beidou in the metaphysical world at that time. From the bottom of their hearts, they opposed Pei's doctrine. Pei Bi opposed Wang Bi and He Yan's theory of making things out of nothing, and Le Guang thought that Pei Bi, who was only 30 years old, might become a long-term ruler, and it was very dangerous to hold this view, so he took the initiative to go to debate with Pei Bi more than a dozen times, hoping that he would change his views. Wang Yan, who is good at accidents, did not participate once, but he was very concerned about the matter, and after each debate, Wang Yan had to carefully ask Leguang about the details of the debate. Many years later, Wang Dun also criticized Pei, of course, after his death. It can be seen that Pei's theory of reverence has little influence.

The greatest contribution of the Tao Te Ching is to expound the impact of the objective world on human society, emphasizing that the development of human society must conform to the objective world, and emphasizing that the social outlook is subordinate to the world view.

As a direct official of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Lao Tzu proceeded from the interests of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty court and preached the idea of a small country and a widow. Regardless of whether the Qin State or the Qi State is sealed, if they only seal a castle, they will not be able to do anything big, and the Zhou Dynasty will be stable. This idea sounds right at first glance, but it is divorced from reality, not to mention that there are powerful countries outside the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it is said that only the princes of one city and one place, with the support of new agricultural science and technology, driven by interests, can also become powerful.

However, the Tao Te Ching vividly expounds the influence of the objective world, that is, the Tao on people. Tao and morality, planning the world with a world view and a social view, have had a huge impact on various ideological trends in later generations.

Lao Tzu said: Heaven and earth are not benevolent, and all things are used as dogs; The saints are unkind, and they use the people as dogs.

The road is wasted, and there is benevolence and righteousness.

Absolute sainthood and abandonment of wisdom, the people benefit a hundred times; Absolute benevolence and abandonment of righteousness, and the people restore filial piety. (This sentence has been used to criticize Confucianism for 2,000 years, but this sentence is forged by the Western Han Dynasty.) In October 1993, the Warring States Bamboo Slips were discovered, the original text was: Absolute wisdom and abandonment of defense, the people's benefits are 100 times; Never hypocrisy and abandon worries, and restore filial piety to the people. ）

Please note that all that Lao Tzu is talking about here is the whole 'people', not individual people! This shows that Lao Tzu himself is discussing the relationship between world view and social view.

In the Wei and Jin dynasties, metaphysicians not only admired Laozi, but also admired Zhuangzi, because Zhuangzi only studied the influence of the objective world on (individual) people from the perspective of human nature (individual), discussed the relationship between world view and outlook on life, and emphasized that human nature obeys nature, then it is free and selfless.

"Zhuangzi" was not famous before the Wei and Jin dynasties, and it was outside the hundred schools. It is only because of its superb writing that it is respected as one of the four great essays. Everyone is poor, so it's important to fill your stomach, so let's lean back freely. When the manor economy prospered and the scholar class appeared, "Zhuangzi" could shine.

Metaphysics is to discuss the relationship between the outlook on life and nature, so metaphysics is more respectful of Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi's getaway is a masterpiece of the relationship between outlook on life and worldview. In metaphysical thought, the Zhuangzi is the core, and it explores how the outlook on life adapts to and makes use of the 'Tao' mentioned in Laozi.

I have to say that liberals, called individualism in the West, advocate freedom in their outlook on life. The concept of freedom should be embraced by the Confucian outlook on life.

Throughout the ages, Chinese Confucian scholars have studied the theory of human nature and the subordination of society, but he himself often jumps out of this category and shows a hint of hypocrisy. Just ask about benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith, gentleness, courtesy, frugality, and how many people can do it all. Eat silently, sleep without speaking, and don't eat ten. Confucianism is managed from waking up to bedtime. There is no such thing as a 'gentleman' who only serves society. (Therefore, 'rites' should be cut down on a large scale, as long as it is in line with the 'interests of people')

Western scholars, on the other hand, study the relationship between the outlook on life and the worldview, so everything has to jump into this study, a priori self. 'I' don't fit in means that everyone doesn't fit in, showing excessive narrow-mindedness.

The metaphysicians used "Laozi" and "Zhuangzi" together, based on nothing, and opened up the doctrine of freedom in China. Of course, it is still very imperfect and has not developed independently, but it has had a huge impact on the development of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism.

================

Individualism in the West is the mainstream, so Lao Tzu is more popular than Confucius.

The meaning of Lao Tzu is endless, and often incredible. It is a valuable textbook on human behavior. This book says it all. – John Gogh

A representative of the ancient world of the East. —Hegel

Every German family buys a copy of the Chinese Tao Te Ching to help solve people's confusion. - German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder

Perhaps we will burn all the books except the Tao Te Ching, and find a summary of wisdom in the Tao Te Ching. – Will Duran