The next day, Huan Wen woke up Yin Hao early in the morning and asked, "You tell me about metaphysics today." Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ”

"Exploring human nature." Yin Hao replied.

"It's too general, you can tell me more about it."

"Wait for me on the deck with tea ready."

Huan Wen hurriedly ran out and ordered someone to make tea, and waited for Yin Hao on the deck. After waiting for the two pillars of incense, Yin Hao arrived.

After Yin Hao sat down, he raised his glass and took a sip of tea, and then said unhurriedly: "I'll tell you a famous allusion, and you will know what metaphysics is about." ”

Yin Hao drank a cup of tea and said: "In the spring of more than 30 years ago, Luoyang celebrities swam in Luoshui together, and the scene was grand. What amazes the public the most is that Master Pei has the study of nomenclature and reason, 'Heaven is noble, but people are noble', which has far-reaching and elegant meaning; There are also Wang Yan and Wang Rong commenting that Yanling Jizi and Zhang Zifang are also eye-opening. I don't know if I will be able to see such a grand scene in the future. ”

Yin Hao's eyes were full of longing, and he sighed: "This allusion is very representative. He pointed out the main content of metaphysical discourse. Pei Yan talked about 'Dao', Zhang Hua talked about Hanshu, and Wang Yan and Wang Rong talked about Zhang Liang and Zheng Zichan. They represent the three important 'talking points' of metaphysics. That is, the metaphysical world view, social view, and human nature. ”

In fact, this allusion comes from Wang Yan's mouth. Let's mention Pei Yi first, although he is less than thirty, he is the deputy of Prime Minister Zhang Hua, who is nearly 70 years old. Pei Yan is also a representative of Empress Jia, who is favored by the scholars and will become the prime minister at any time. Pei is the most powerful; It is about the top topic of metaphysics--- the time of heaven and man (the relationship between man and heaven is also a world view).

In fact, Wang Yan and Le Guang were the Nanshan and Beidou in the metaphysical world at that time, and they opposed Pei Yan's doctrine from the bottom of their hearts. Pei Yi opposed Wang Bi and He Yan's theory of making things out of nothing. Leguang thought that Pei could become a long-term ruler and that it was very dangerous to hold such a view, so he took the initiative to debate with Pei a dozen times, hoping that he would change his opinion. Wang Yan, who is good at accidents, did not participate once, but he was very concerned about the matter, and after each debate, Wang Yan had to carefully ask Leguang about the details of the debate.

The second one said Zhang Hua, Zhang Hua is the prime minister. He's talking about the social outlook.

Wang Yan finally said that he and Wang Rong. Others don't mention it. It can be seen that the so-called celebrities are also ranked according to their power. Zhang Liang was brilliantly talented, and Zheng Zichan was a model of Confucian morality recognized by Confucius. The second king talked about the theory of talent.

A doctrine is basically composed of a world view, a social view, and a view of life. Speaking of metaphysics, just like any ancient social theory, it doesn't matter that it expounds three aspects, namely, world view, social view, and life view.

Metaphysics is not difficult to understand today, although the content of a mature social theory is delicate and even complex, the outline must be clear or even simple.

For example, Confucianism, what does Confucianism say?

Confucianism is that the theory of human nature is subordinated to the social outlook, and the goal of the theory of human nature is the "gentleman". A kind of person who is completely obedient to the needs of society. The social outlook is benevolence and righteousness. It's as simple and clear as that. Of course, if you study it deeply, it will be delicate, and after learning all the "Thirteen Classics", this is the beginning.

Any doctrine that is already profound and complicated from the 'purpose' is a charlatan.

Confucianism is the subordination of the theory of human nature to the social outlook. Metaphysics is the opposite of Confucianism, which requires the theory of human nature to be subordinated to the worldview. (Today's individualism is in the same vein as metaphysics, and their highest tenet is: natural selection, survival of the fittest.) Or is human nature subordinated to nature. ）

Metaphysics is more likely to borrow Lao Tzu's Tao, that is, the laws of nature, to analyze Zhuangzi's theory of human nature.

Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching emphasizes that "human morality" must obey "the way of heaven". He argued that the development of human society must conform to the objective world, and emphasized that the social outlook should be subordinated to the world outlook. Lao Tzu sees the world from the perspective of society, that is, from the perspective of human beings.

Wang Bi in the late Three Kingdoms period was a central figure in metaphysics. Wang Bi brought out Zhuangzi and admired Zhuangzi's freedom and freewheeling.

Wang Bi sees the world from a personal perspective. Starting from the 'theory of human nature', Wang Bi only attaches importance to the 'Tao' in the Tao Te Ching, and criticizes Lao Tzu's above views as 'respecting the essence and the end'. We should 'respect the basics and the end', and pay attention to the fundamentals in order to make the branches and leaves grow better. It is believed that human beings should master and use the 'Tao', so as to achieve individual freedom, do as they please, and become one with nature. It is precisely because of this that the core focus of metaphysics is human nature, and metaphysics most admires Zhuangzi, not Laozi.

Confucianism of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty demanded obedience to social laws, and during the turbulent period of the Three Kingdoms, even if they fully met the requirements of society, gentlemen who were guided by benevolence and righteousness became the targets of slaughter, which made the Han Confucianism of "heaven retribution for the good and disaster for the unkind" self-defeating. And the new bachelor began to focus on the adaptation to specific things, and it was widely spread throughout the Three Kingdoms period: those who know the times are heroes, and those who change the machine are heroes.

There is another reality, the manor economy is large-scale production, which requires the deployment and command of the manor owner. In addition, the excavation of ditches and the exploitation of mines require realistic science and technology, and it is impossible to pull out seedlings and help them grow. There are also manor owners who attach great importance to commerce, and their surplus grain, cloth, and wine are all materials that cannot be stored for a long time, and need to be exchanged for currency in time. This forced the owner of the manor to pay attention to the laws of nature.

It is necessary to obey both the laws of society and the laws of nature, which made many scholars turn their thinking during this period, and the most influential was Sima Zhao's father-in-law Wang Su, who forged Confucius's words in the "Confucian Sayings" that "the saints who worship the Tao and respect virtue come from themselves", and pointed out that "all blessings and misfortunes have their own". It clearly puts forward the concept of advocating the Tao, where the "Tao" refers to the laws of nature.

The Tao mentioned by the three masters of Confucianism, Confucius Mengxun, is humane and the law of society. Confucius barely mentions the heavens; Mencius illusory the heavens, and in his book the heavens are almost like gods; Xunzi simply said that a saint can not know the sky.

Han Confucianism's requirements for the world are to strictly abide by the laws of society, that is, benevolence and righteousness, to use etiquette to restrain people's thoughts and behaviors, and to avoid the laws of nature as much as possible. And Wang Su introduced "Tao" into Confucianism, so what is the natural law of this Heavenly Dao has become a key issue for later scholars to explore, and metaphysics has been formed, so that the metaphysical worldview has become an important core issue of metaphysics.

He Yan saw Wang Bi for the first time, and when he heard Wang Biqing talk about his own nothingness, he exclaimed: "This young man can talk about big problems at the time of heaven and man." As mentioned earlier, metaphysics is the obedience and use of human nature to the world view, so the exploration of the world view has become an inevitable topic of metaphysical exploration.

Microscopically speaking, metaphysics is to borrow the Tao of Laozi, that is, the laws of nature, to analyze the rationality of the theory of human nature expounded by Zhuangzi.