"Yes, in the past, the old education only blindly taught students how they should be, and how they should not be, which was completely a lesson. Education is the study of how students are and how they are not, how they can be academic, how they can be academic, and how they can be how they are not. Taking children's education as an example, it is very important to study children's psychology with an open mind and pay attention to the reactions of the educated. For example, in the laboratory to test physics and chemistry, what method to use, what reaction to get, all rely on the reaction of the object to teach us knowledge; If the experimenter does not pay attention to the reaction and relies entirely on subjective ideals, it will not only be futile, but also dangerous in the chemical test. The same is true of heuristic education, where everything must be provided with the knowledge of the teaching method by the student's response. ”

"As Zhonghua said." Yang Shuoming recalled his childhood experience, and once again let out a heavy sigh in his heart.

However, it should be noted that I am not saying that all the ancient teaching methods in China are teaching and old, nor that the modern teaching methods in Europe and the United States are all heuristic. There are also inspiring teaching methods in ancient China, for example, Kong answered his brother to ask filial piety and benevolence, and none of the answers were the same, which was not his slippery head, nor was he undetermined, it was his teaching method of teaching according to his aptitude. In fact, the education in modern European and American countries is still mostly lesson-based, even in the United States, where the teaching method of experimental psychology is developed, only some people try out the Dewey-style pure enlightenment teaching method. Therefore, the difference between the old education is only the difference in the doctrine and method adopted, not the difference in the country or the era. Mr. Dewey once said that China's education is more promising than Japan's, because China's education can be started with a method that is not as solid as Japan's education system, which is not easy to change. Mr. Dewey's remark is something that all those who are in charge of education in China should pay close attention to."

"Zhonghua is talking about me." Yang Shuoming understood what the other party meant by "the person in charge of education in China", and couldn't help but smile slightly.

When the war in Hunan was still going on, Yang Shuoming was already preparing to start implementing universal education in the Liangguang and Yunnan-Guizhou regions, and the middle-aged man talking in front of him was the helper Chen Jiongming invited to him.

At this time, inspired by Yang Shuoming's praise, the former dean of liberal arts at Peking University (whose status is equivalent to that of vice president) seemed a little excited, and he couldn't stop talking.

"According to the teaching method, there are many subjects in our school that need to be reformed, the first is that the subject of Lu science is to teach people how they should and how they should not be, which is completely representative of lecture-based education, and it is completely ineffective. Because a person knows the need to dress when he is cold, and knows the need to eat when he is hungry, if he does not feel cold and hungry, no matter how clever we try to persuade him to dress and eat, it will be completely useless. Didactic LUN science should be abolished. In games, gymnastics, and dealing with people, practical training methods are used to make children feel the necessity of morality, so that children's moral instincts can gradually develop, which is the real lun education. ”

"The second thing to reform is history education, the history teachers of primary schools in the past took a history textbook, walked on the podium, and read words in their mouths, what Chiyou, Huangdi, Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia, Shang, Zhou, primary school students listened, it was really inexplicable, only rote memorization of a few nouns, Mr. Bei's questioning, no benefit, no interest, it is better to ask them to go to the play, pointing to the red flower face is the Yellow Emperor, the black flower face is Chiyou, they are still a little interested. Therefore, the subject of history should be abolished in primary schools, that is, history should be taught, and only a small range of local history should be taught, and national history should not be taught. ”

"The third thing to reform is geography. What do you know about London, Paris, Berlin, Beijing, and Qinghai to primary school students in the classroom? Therefore, primary schools can only teach rural geography, and the first lesson of rural geography should be taught from the lecture hall of the school. Because the program of developing children's reasoning ability can only be pushed from the known to the unknown, it is difficult to have the opportunity to surpass it out of thin air; Students are given practical observation of the length of the lecture hall at school, and as soon as they leave the school, they will promote it to what they see along the way and the condition of their home house. This method of teaching practical observation is much better than teaching life and death to read textbooks, and it is much more useful than teaching life and death to memorize some place names that cannot develop children's practical observation ability. ”,

"The fourth thing to reform is science. Needless to say, the science subjects should focus on physical experience, but the science subjects in elementary schools should still focus on local teaching materials, and the materials of primary schools in each province are not the same because the products are different in each province. For example, in the science department of Liangguang, when it comes to ice and snow, I don't know how that gentleman can explain it. For example, there has not been snow in Guangxi for more than 20 years, and there are people in the countryside who have never seen snow in their eighties. If the gentleman is asked by a student what is called ice and what is called snow, I think that the gentleman will not have a third way to answer satisfactorily except to tell the student to remember the word ice and snow and not to ask, or to tell the student to go to sleep. ”

"The fifth thing that needs to be reformed is the handicraft of drawing. I have seen many schools decorate the façade of the school with a number of very elaborate handicrafts and drawings of the grades. It is not worth criticizing some teachers to deceive students on behalf of them, but it is really the students themselves who do it, and in the eyes of the layman, they must think that the grades are very good, and in the eyes of those who know how to educate, they dare not compliment. Because there is a big difference between educational products and art products, we should not regard educational products as art products, if educational products are made into art products, it is regarded as a great failure of handicraft and picture education, and what achievements can be made? Because the direct purpose of educating a child is not to teach him to become a sage immediately, there is no need to teach him morality, history, geography, etc., nor to teach him to become an artist immediately, so there is no need to teach him to learn handmade drawings of fine arts. The direct purpose of educating children is to seek various opportunities and use various methods to train the children's various senses of mind and body, so that their various organs and instincts such as observation, creativity, morality, and emotions can gradually grow and develop freely. Games, gymnastics, handicrafts, and drawings are used as instinctive tools for growth and development, so the game gymnastics in primary schools is not only for the development of physical strength, but also for the development of instinctive and moral emotions of sensory nerves and motor nerve responses of various organs and limbs; Therefore, the handmade drawings in primary school are not taught to be artists, but to develop children's observation, creativity, and imagination. Because the purpose of handmade drawing is to develop observation, creativity, and imagination, it is good to listen to the child to do whatever he likes, and draw whatever he likes, so that his day of observation, creation, and imagination can develop freely. If the gentleman teaches him to produce works of art, it is only his own achievement, and has nothing to do with the children's education, and this kind of education can be called 'cramming' education. Hanzhi has also been to Beijing and knows what cramming is all about. All cramming education is to restrict the intellectual freedom of the educated to make it fixed, and to create mechanical, blind obedience habits, which are detrimental to the precious creation of human beings, not only in hand-drawn education. Therefore, such education is undesirable and should be eliminated. ”

"The sixth thing that needs to be reformed is singing. Singing is the feeling of developing children's beauty, and chorus is better than singing alone, which can develop children's spirit of cooperation; It sounds better according to the beat than not according to the beat, and it can develop the habit of children obeying the rules. However, the lyrics should not be elegant, brothers and sisters, cats and dogs, trees, flowers and birds, butterflies flying, these things are good materials for lyrics. Nowadays, there are many elementary school songs filled with abstract terms such as state, people, society, mutual aid, equality, freedom, fraternity, sacrifice, etc., and this class of people is completely a layman for primary education, and it is the result of superstitious and lesson-based education. ”

When Xi Xue delivered a thick document to the living room, in the living room, Yang Shuoming, who was dressed in casual clothes, was still talking warmly with the middle-aged man.

"General, this is the draft of the provincial constitution sent by Hunan, and I would like to ask you to take a look at it."

Xi Xue looked at Yang Shuoming, and saw that he had changed his previous silence today, and he was talking so happily about children's education with a middle-aged scholar who was much older than herself.

Yang Shuoming nodded, took the document from her hand, looked at it, Xi Xue repoured the tea for the two, and then turned around and retreated.

Seeing that the expression on Yang Shuoming's face became a little solemn, the middle-aged man's gaze also became focused.

Yang Shuoming finished reading the draft of the Hunan Provincial Constitution very easily, and after he closed the document, the middle-aged man noticed that Yang Shuoming's face had returned to his calm again, and he even looked like he had a hint of a smile. ,

"I'm afraid that there are a lot of 'isms' and 'representatives' written in this provincial constitution, and there is no use for bullshit," Yang Shuoming noticed the middle-aged man's attentive gaze and handed him the document in his hand, "Fortunately, I haven't seen any of these things, it's really good." Brother Zhonghua is very knowledgeable, so let's take a look and give advice. ”

Hearing that Yang Shuoming's mouth also said words like "ism" and "representative", the middle-aged man couldn't help but be stunned for a while.

Yang Shuoming looked at the middle-aged man, the famous scholar Chen Qiansheng, smiled slightly, stretched out his hand, and made a "please" posture.

Chen Qiansheng smiled, opened the document, and read it carefully line by line.

Chen Qiansheng Zhonghua, born in Anqing, Anhui Province in 1879, graduated from Qiushi Academy (the predecessor of Zhejiang University) in his early years, studied in Japan in 1901, participated in the anti-Russian movement in 1903, founded the "Yue Wang Society" in 1905, was the president, founded the "Youth Magazine" in 1915 (that is, the later famous "Youth"), held high the banner of "evolution theory" and "personality liberation", vigorously advocated the cultural movement in China, and served as the dean of liberal arts in Beijing Normal University in 1916. He has become a well-known figure in China's ideological and cultural circles.

For Yang Shuoming, the former leader of the cultural movement, who crossed over here, could not have imagined that the early leader of the communist movement, who was once expelled from the party in the textbook, would appear in front of him with such a name and identity in this era.

And just through this long conversation with him, it almost basically subverted the impression that Yang Shuoming formed on him in the original time and space because he was "brainwashed".

Chen Qiansheng traveled thousands of miles to Nanning to meet him, and many of the suggestions he put forward for the benefit of the country and the people were also very different from those described in later history textbooks.

Thinking of the "indoctrination" he had received since he was a child, and looking at Chen Qiansheng, who was engrossed in looking at the draft of the Hunan Provincial Constitution, Yang Shuoming sighed in his heart.

Textbooks, how many other things have you made up?

Unlike Yang Shuoming, who has the assistance of a "supercomputer eye" and can read ten lines at a glance, Chen Qiansheng reads very carefully, and even reads some clauses several times.

Looking at Chen Qiansheng's attentive appearance, Yang Shuoming did not disturb Chen Qiansheng, but waited for him to give any advice while drinking tea.

For the former dean of liberal arts of Peking University recommended by Chen Jiongming, Yang Shuoming has already intentionally wanted him to help himself well and play his due role.

After a long while, Chen Qiansheng let out a long breath and closed the draft document of the Hunan Provincial Constitution in his hand.

"The content of this draft provincial constitution is very good, and its achievements are far superior to the provisional constitution, and it is far superior to the constitution of the Hongxian Empire. However, I would like to see some provisions on people's rights added. Chen Qiansheng said, "Since these provincial constitutions claim to safeguard the rights and interests of the 30 million Hunan people, that is, they are closely related to the interests of the small people, if they are to be recognized by the Hunan people, the provisions on the rights of the people may as well be more detailed." ”

"Zhonghua talk about it." Yang Shuoming nodded and motioned for Chen Qiansheng to continue.

"I hope that three more articles will be added to this draft on the rights and obligations of the people: first, the people have a minimum right to life; secondly, the people have the right to engage in a considerable occupation; Third, the people have the right to enjoy the distribution of the net profits derived from their labor. Chen Qiansheng said, "These three articles should not only be implemented in the provincial constitution, but if China is a federation in the future, the federal constitution should also clearly contain this article." ”

"Yes, in this way, this provincial constitution is much more perfect." Yang Shuoming said with a smile, "However, if I want these three articles to really join this provincial constitution, I'm afraid I will have to plunder the United States." ”

Chen Qiansheng smiled, of course he understood what Yang Shuoming meant by this "plundering beauty", he smiled and nodded, expressing his approval.

"Hunan's formulation of a provincial constitution is the forerunner of China's constitution-making, which can set an example for all provinces, and if all provinces in the country can do the same, then another United States will appear in East Asia." Chen Qiansheng sighed, and his eyes couldn't help but glow with eager anticipation.

Hearing his emotion, Yang Shuoming involuntarily smiled bitterly and shook his head slightly, although his movements were very light and imperceptible, but it still made the keen Chen Qiansheng feel it.

"What is Hanzhi worried about?" Chen Qiansheng immediately asked.

"I'm worried about whether this provincial constitution can be passed smoothly." Yang Shuoming smiled, he looked at the middle-aged scholar in front of him who was full of ideals and passion, and didn't want to pour cold water on him, but after thinking about it, he decided to tell him his worries. ,

Sometimes, a necessary reminder is also a guarantee of success.

"Zhonghua probably didn't know that in order for this provincial constitution to be legitimate, the draft must be submitted to the 'Constitution Review Council,' which represents 30 million people in Hunan." "But I'm worried that the censors, out of their personal interests and intellectual ignorance, will undermine the balance in the draft, so that the provincial constitution that will be officially promulgated later may leave many flaws." ”

"What Hanzhi means is that these censors cannot seek the happiness of the majority of our people, and may even leave some flaws in the constitution and sow some dangerous seeds." Chen Qiansheng understood what Yang Shuoming meant, and nodded slowly.

"Zhonghua has already read the draft just now, and the draft decided by the drafting committee does not dare to completely hand over the political power in Hunan to the provincial council and let those politicians of all sizes divide it, but as far as I know, a large part of the members of the review committee are preparing to become provincial councilors in the future, in other words, they are preparing to divide the political power in Hunan. Therefore, their spirit of the constitution is different from the spirit of the drafting committee. Yang Shuoming said, "If my guess is correct, they are likely to expand the power of the provincial council to infinity, and use the power in Hunan as a distribution of interests for the three politicians." ”

"Yes, why don't the people of the drafting committee dare to trust the provincial council? Because they have observed the trends of the countries of the modern world and the current situation of the various parliaments in China, they feel that the parliament cannot be organized by some superhuman all-knowing and all-powerful people. Fear of trusting parliament is a common phenomenon in today's world. Chen Qiansheng said, "Out of interest considerations, the psychology of the review committee is completely opposite to that of the drafting committee, and the legitimate psychology of most of the people in the review committee will definitely be held hostage by the mentality of some politicians." ”

"Yes, these censors do not really represent the interests of the 30 million people in Hunan, but are likely to do things that wantonly amend the constitution at the expense of the interests of their respective political camps, and even create unreasonable government departments in the constitution in order to pursue the balance of interests of the camp." Yang Shuoming said, "The lesson of the Hunan Constitution-making Congress is that the power to freely revise the draft should not be handed over to the 'Constitutional Review Council', because this kind of review committee nominally 'represents the people', but in fact only represents the special political camp to which it belongs, and let them review the Constitution, and there is no justice or equality at all." ”……

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