The term "client state" derives from the Latin satelles - bodyguard, fellow traveler, servant: a small state that is formally independent, but in fact subordinate to the stronger state, especially in terms of foreign policy. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ”

"Neutrality" derives from the Latin neuter - not belonging to any party: the policy of refraining from participating in wartime and refusing to participate in military blocs in peacetime, as provided for in international law. Neutral countries have the inviolability of territory (including internal and territorial waters), citizens (not to participate in military operations of the warring parties) and property (not to be included in wartime contraband). - (There seems to be no article on "airspace", because this is the product of the Fifth Hague Convention of 1907 (the Convention on the Rights and Duties of Neutral States and Their Peoples in Time of Land War) and the Thirteenth Convention (the Convention on the Rights and Duties of Neutral States in Time of Naval War). ）

The obligations of neutral States generally fall into the following three categories:

First, neutral States may not provide direct or indirect assistance to belligerents in connection with the conduct of war, and the obligations paid for this purpose are called evasive obligations;

secondly, the obligation of a neutral State to prevent belligerents from using their territory for the purpose of waging war is called the duty of prevention (there are also obligations of avoidance and the obligation of prevention that are collectively referred to as the obligation of equity);

Thirdly, the obligation of a neutral State to acquiesce to a certain extent when its nationals suffer an injury by acting in favour of a belligerent State (although the content of the injury is varied, in either case, the neutral State cannot exercise the right of diplomatic protection), such an obligation is called a tacit obligation.

In the event of war, each country wishing to remain neutral should formally declare its neutrality, and in the course of the war, the neutral country may revoke, change or amend its neutral status. The belligerent countries shall not use the territory of a neutral country as a base of their activities, and shall not engage in battles on the territory of a neutral country.

As early as the outbreak of the Battle of Minsk, Lin Jun was preparing a huge plan, otherwise he would not have talked about returning to Spain in Pokryshkin.

This plan covers not only the future operational strategy of the Soviet Union against fascism, but also the European strategy, and even the global strategy!

In order to formulate this huge plan, Lin Jun even asked the staff officers to move a bunch of convention documents such as the Hague Convention stored in the basement of the Minsk library to his office.

Since the "Red Whirlwind" himself was only a nominal commander-in-chief and de facto coordinator, he had to make the most of his precious time - a plan that was very important for the future of the Soviets and for the cause of world communism, because he "saw farther" than many people!

The commander's time is never enough!

The fall of the "Blue Division" made Lin Jun determined to hand over the actual command of the campaign to Zhukov, and he only made a nominal affirmation. And Zhukov also knew that the deputy commander-in-chief was embarking on a huge plan, and the comrade general had long ceased to focus only on the Western Front and help it control the overall situation.

Lin Jun didn't want to care about the "red whirlwind" anymore, it was only a matter of time before the three fronts of the army won the battle below, and his plan was extremely important, and if he was not careful, it might bring permanent hidden dangers to the Soviet Union and even to the entire communist international struggle -- such hidden dangers existed in history, and what Lin Jun had to do was to eliminate them as much as possible.

The first part of the plan is the strategy against Germany, which is the simplest: either you die or I die, there is no third outcome!

The second part is a much more complicated strategy against the fascist client state.

Throughout World War II, many countries around Germany surrendered to Hitler in order to avoid war, and became accomplices of the Third Reich, Hitler's lackeys!

Among them, in addition to providing energy and materials for Germany in the war, they also formed a huge volunteer army to follow the Nazi army to fight in the north and south.

These client states of the Third Reich were nominally Germany's Axis allies, but in essence vassal protectorates of Nazi Germany. This would have been the case that the army that invaded the Soviet Union was not only the German army, but also its servant army, plus the volunteer troops of the "neutral country" Spain, which had been eliminated.

There are several definitions of German client states, and the number of states varies, generally Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Finland, Italy, Hungary, and Romania, and Japan is also included.

However, Lin Jun has a clear understanding of why these client states followed Germany to invade the Soviet Union, and they have their own different reasons, and the situation is complicated:

Finland was, of course, due to the Soviet-Finnish War and Finland's historical feud with Russia, coupled with the fear of the Red Revolution in Finland and the deep German background of Mannerheim, the commander of the Finnish army.

The Balkan countries, primarily Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, have their own reasons.

These countries had a strong German background as early as the nineteenth century, and Germany's influence in the Balkan countries was also very large, especially after the First World War, when Germany had a traditional influence in most of the Balkan countries through aid and economic introduction. In the past, because of the consistent Russian-Soviet desire for land and the consistent practice of interfering in Balkan affairs, the Balkan countries had a strong sense of fear of Russia and the Soviet Union.

During the period when Bulgaria and other Balkan countries were ruled by Turkey, they once regarded Russia, the largest and orthodox force in the Orthodox world, as "the savior of the Slavic nation" and "the defender of all oppressed Slavic peoples", but a few patriots who fled to Russia to avoid Turkey saw in Russia the brutality of the tsarist **** system and Russia's extreme desire to annex other countries, even in the Soviet era, this tradition has not changed, The fate of the Baltic states kept the Balkan states wary and distanced themselves from the Soviet Union and brought them closer to Germany.

Although Bulgaria and Romania are also **** monarchies like the original Russia, their rule is only on the premise of "Slavic self-determination", not the "pan-Slavism" of Tsarist Russia.

Hungary became a German vassal because of the Austro-Crarian tradition, a customary Germanic-Slavic dual-state with a pro-German position, and its ruler, Horthy, was himself the Austro-Hungarian Emperor's military attaché. Therefore, after the annexation of Germany with Austria, it was only natural that Hungary would join the German tank.

Slovakia was a weak country, and after the forced annexation of the Czech Republic to Germany, choosing to side with Germany was a last resort but the only option.

Romania and Bulgaria, out of traditional hostility to Russia and Turkey, could only join the "German tank". But there is a certain difference with the situation of Romania: Bulgaria did not join after much consideration, which has to do with the fact that they have historically been the biggest loser in the political struggle in the Balkans.

But when Bulgaria hesitated, the Baltic countries were merged into the Soviet Union, which was a bit of black humor for Lin Jun - Bulgaria was "scared" into the "German tank" by the Soviet Union itself!

One "client state" did not appear, mainly because of unexpected circumstances - an unexpected coup d'état by Hitler and the country's rulers led to Yugoslavia not joining and even becoming the target of invasion. In fact, Yugoslavia had long wanted to join the Axis for the same reasons as all Balkan countries.

And the biggest reason why it did not join before the coup d'état was because of its traditional hatred with Italy: Italy had always had bad intentions towards the lands on the Adriatic coast, so Yugoslavia did not join.

The situation was really complicated, and it made Lin Jundu's brain headache, but fortunately he had at hand a Communist International and the "Liuks" Hotel in Moscow (where the headquarters of the Communist Parties of other countries in the Soviet Union lived) that had made great contributions to defending Marxism, promoting the international workers' movement and the national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America, opposing fascism and imperialist wars, and promoting the development of the international communist movement.

It was clear that the continuation of the mass land annexation of Tsarist Russia could no longer be continued, and Hitler did not understand that in the 20th century, the "Roman-style thousand-year empire" could no longer exist, but that a close and strong alliance was possible.

This is Lin Jun's "global strategy" -- to build a powerful socialist alliance that can confront the imperialist alliance headed by the United States in the future through the advance of the war and support for the international workers' movement and the national liberation movements of Asia, Africa and Latin America in various countries! Firmly grasp the initiative of strategic confrontation in your own hands!

The mistakes of the Comintern must be avoided, the interference of the chauvinistic errors of the great powers must be minimized, and the independence of the parties and the equal relations between the parties must be guaranteed to the greatest extent possible, so that the system of the communist alliance can be perpetuated and solid.

Lin Jun knew that the fascist client states in history were geographically close to the side of the Soviet Union, and after the war, they basically became socialist countries, and this was easy to achieve under the strong military strength of the Red Army and the struggle of the Communist Parties of various countries.

But what about the farther west? It takes time, strategy, speed and timing!

In Europe, Lin Jun wants to promote the socialist system all the way to the English Channel and the Atlantic coast! That Britain is not in the picture, it is too stubborn, unless it is completely bombed into a forbidden area for mankind or occupied by the atomic bomb, and Hitler's policy towards the Jews is completely adopted, which obviously will not work!

Lin Jun learned a lot from the great man's strategy for Hong Kong, Macao (not "one country, two systems") and Kinmen, if they all beat each other to the other side of the Atlantic, they can't see, they can't shout, they can't get in touch, then what is the article?!

For those "neutral countries" on the European continent, Lin Jun did not intend to "let go of one", including Switzerland, which seems to have a good reputation, because it looks "neutral", but it is actually a real Nazi accomplice!

If the Germans themselves were armor and artillery and machine guns, then those "neutral countries" were the ammunition and fuel that ensured that the tank could be driven and fired.

To put it bluntly, the war is fought with war potential and strategic resources, Germany lacks many resources, and the Germans are aware of their resource crisis, so they have established a complete reserve of various strategic resources before the outbreak of the war, which solves part of the problem: for example, in 1939, Germany imported 20 million US dollars of aviation gasoline from the United States by Farco for a single business, and this transaction continued until the United States fully entered the war.

Historically, there has not been any serious resource crisis in Germany until at least 43 years, and before 42 years, Germany had enough major resources such as steel and coal, but this resource crisis was not very obvious due to Germany's own strategic reserves and plundering from other European countries.

As for the return of Germany at the end of '43, it can be said that it has a lot to do with the waste of Italy: Italy has also established a reserve of strategic resources corresponding to its own strength, but Italy's surrender caused its reserves in the war to fall into the hands of the Germans, which temporarily compensated for the serious consumption of Germany's own resources.

One of the most important sources of resources for the Third Reich was the five "neutral states" in Europe (Turkey, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Sweden), which were in fact providing Germany with a large amount of strategic resources before the war became clear.

Sweden's high-quality iron ore (which could produce high-grade alloy steel, was especially important for Germany's defense production, and Hitler even postponed the invasion of Western Europe for this, first occupying Denmark and Norway to ensure the safety of iron ore transportation. For example, Swedish Bearings (Swedish Bearings), one of the Swedish companies most closely linked to the Nazis, exported large quantities of ball bearings to Germany. Since the United States also relies on S&K's bearings, this poses another problem for the United States: if sanctions are imposed on S&K and Sweden, it is very likely that S&K will retaliate, restrict the export of bearings to the United States, and interrupt the production of munitions. The U.S. had no choice but to let S&K continue to operate so that whoever wins the war would be the winner by supplying bearings to both sides. ), tungsten ore provided by Portugal and Spain (at this point, they are also doing business at both ends, and even restricting the military manufacturing industry in Britain and the United States, because they do not have enough tungsten, Germany's machinery industry uses high-strength tungsten carbide turning tools and drill bits, while the United States can only use inferior molybdenum alloys! The Portuguese also reversed the trade deficit in one fell swoop with a similar trade! ), chrome ore in Turkey (also a two-pronged business, and the Americans even had to bribe Turkey. ）。

Finally, why was Switzerland "neutral" and not annexed by Hitler? Its rhetoric of "if you dare to come, I will shoot three shots per soldier, everything is OK" is a ridiculous appearance, and the balance between the Allies and the Axis as a money laundering machine survives is the cortex!

There are many deep-seated reasons, and there are many more violations of "neutrality":

1. Economically transfused blood to the fascist countries, and also sold electricity to Germany, so that German factories could maintain production until March 1945, when the defeat of Germany had been timed. The Swiss watchmakers also supplied precision parts to Germany, and the military factory in Zurich also supplied anti-aircraft guns to Germany.

2. During World War II, Switzerland opened the strategically important 15-kilometer-long Saint-Gotha Tunnel (the longest road tunnel in the world) through the Alps to Germany and Italy. Trains laden with strategic goods also pass through Switzerland to travel between the two countries.

4. Swiss banks embezzled Jewish property (needless to say, the "dead accounts" of Jews are still huge sums of money in Swiss pockets. ), which acts as a Nazi gold safe.

Switzerland was also the main place where Nazi Germany traded gold in exchange for the hard currency Swiss franc, and Swiss banks did not care where the gold came from, and blindly made huge profits from it.

At that time, 90% of the gold transactions of the Reichsbank of Nazi Germany were carried out through Swiss banks, and with the "help" of Swiss banks, Hitler obtained valuable foreign exchange to buy important materials to sustain the war on the world market.

In this regard, the Vice-President of the Imperial Bank of Nazi Germany once said very simply: "It is politically important for Switzerland to allow free foreign exchange trading, and it is a fundamental principle that we still keep it independent." ”

All this is only a part of the violation of "neutrality" by those "neutral countries", and the Soviet Union has not gained any strategic benefits from those countries at all, except for providing some space for intelligence personnel to operate - Lin Jun can summarize it as a hostile country with the Soviet Union and an accomplice of the Nazis in wartime!

The Fifth Hague Convention of 1907 laid down the rules of neutrality in land warfare: the territory, waters and airspace of a neutral State could not be used as a war zone, and the armies of the belligerent countries could not pass through these areas. Neutrals do not have the right to supply weapons, ammunition and other military materiel to the warring parties...... For Lin Jun's plan, this is enough!

Since you have become an out-and-out accomplice of the Nazis, no matter what the reason, you must have the consciousness to bear the wrath of the Soviets in the future!

The world community has always spoken with its fists, and war only needs a reasonable "excuse", and the more elegant expression is the "reason": those countries have become logistics bases and transportation channels for the Nazis, and the reason is enough!

However, Lin Jun was not hot-headed to implement the Soviet model of socialism in all European countries, which was unlikely, but "adapted to local conditions", implemented according to the characteristics of each country, and treated differently by "co-opting" and "transforming". Of course, for countries the size of sesame mung beans, such as Liechtenstein and Monaco, there is no point in existing, and those so-called countries are simply tumors of human society!

What is Lin Jun's backing for this plan? The powerful Red Army with tens of millions of officers and soldiers and the powerful Soviet Union behind him! When a person has a strong state behind him as support, it is possible to realize such a huge plan without any scruples!

The next step is the policy towards Asia, Africa and Latin America, in which Lin Jun aims to broadly support its national liberation movement in the future and firmly unite it against the imperialist bloc of countries; As for China, Lin Jun will support it as a powerful socialist country - when a powerful China and the Soviet Union are united back to back on the earth, there will be no force in this world that can seriously threaten the communist cause!

Now the destruction of the Spanish division will be a warning to those fascist client states, and Lin Jun hopes that this will reduce the positive pressure on the Red Army, but it remains to be seen whether this will become a reality.

At present, it is extremely difficult for the Soviet Union alone to completely defeat the Third Reich, and what is even more difficult is the realization of Lin Jun's overall plan. Historical reasons and subtle changes in the world situation and even persecution made some of the things that the Soviet Union did in the early stage unpopular, not to mention the interference, even decisive interference, of the imperialist countries and the possible future processes of World War II with its plans!

For this reason, Lin Jun and Stalin and other members of the command made a dangerous decision some time ago that violated the rules of war -- the "red whirlwind" cannot be ended before Japan uses force against the United States!

"Hold each other"! "Hold each other"! Or "hold each other"! It is necessary to make the Japanese firmly believe that Germany is still likely to win the war between the Soviet Union and Germany, and then resolutely attack Pearl Harbor!

Sorge and countless other intelligence workers were behind this risky plan, and Lin Jun's analysis was the ultimate bargaining chip in Stalin's decision, and time allowed - all the intelligence indicated that the Japanese would attack Hawaii by mid-December, and that the "red whirlwind" would be able to come to a successful end when it was full of strength.

As long as "more sleepy and waiting" to make the "steel pocket" stronger, there will be no inversion of time.

The Anglo-American attitude and possible future policies will most influence Lin Jun's plan, because history and Lin Jun's memory have made everything very clear:

In the mid-30s, the Soviet Union diplomatically advocated a collective security policy and tried to work with Britain and France to curb Germany's external expansion, but it was repeatedly frustrated. The failure of the negotiations between the Soviet Union, Britain and France in Moscow in 39 forced the USSR to sign a non-aggression pact with Germany, which was a consequence of the "policy of appeasement", and the USSR was only forced to choose.

During World War II, the Soviet Union tried its best to maintain the unity of the anti-fascist alliance, faithfully fulfilled its obligations, and undertook the heavy task of resisting the German army when the United States and Britain and other countries were slow to open a second battlefield, and played a huge role in building the post-war world pattern.

A few years ago, the situation in Europe began to fluctuate dramatically, whether it was during the German annexation of Austria or the outbreak of the Sudetenland crisis, the Soviet Union continued to adhere to the principle of collective security and called on European countries to unite to stop the fascist aggression, but Britain and France refused.

The "policy of appeasement" kills people!

It was only when the Moscow trilateral negotiations reached a dead end that the Soviet Union was forced to take the form of a contract with Germany. For the USSR at that time, either an alliance with Britain and France, or a compromise with Germany, there was no third way!

When an agreement with Britain and France was far away, but Germany took a step forward, the Soviet Union naturally could not refuse, otherwise there was a danger of an early Soviet-German conflict, and a grand alliance of Britain, France and Germany might even be formed to oppose the Soviet Union!

Therefore, the non-aggression pact between the Soviet Union and Germany was itself beyond reproach, and even Attlee, the leader of the British Labour Party at the time, said: "The British and French diplomats treated the Soviet government so casually that if they had treated us Labour in this way, we would have signed the treaty of August 23, 1939, as Stalin did."

The 39-year Moscow three-state negotiations were the last chance for Europe to establish a collective security system, but mainly due to the indecisiveness of Britain and France, especially Britain, collective security eventually came to naught, and the Second World War became inevitable.

As a result, the Soviet Union and Britain had already signed an agreement to take joint action against Germany, the United States extended the Lend-Lease Act to the Soviet Union, and Lin Jun waited for the United States to enter the war after "Pearl Harbor," which would prompt the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union to further unite.

However, Lin Jun knew the future that others did not know: in January 42, representatives of 26 countries including the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union signed the "United Nations Declaration" in Washington, solemnly declaring that they would go all out to jointly fight against the German, Italian, Japanese fascists and their client states until the final victory, so that the World Anti-Fascist Alliance was formally formed.

From the very beginning, the Soviet Union showed great enthusiasm and support for this alliance, despite the differences in social systems and huge ideological differences.

How the three major powers of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union fought together to defeat the German fascists as soon as possible was the primary task facing the anti-fascist alliance, and it was needless to say that the Soviet-German battlefield was the main battlefield in Europe, and the Soviet military and civilians shouldered the heavy responsibility of resisting the German army.

Stalin and Lin Jun had asked for the opening of a second battlefield a few months earlier, in the north of France, and Molotov was about to visit London, and the history is: in the spring of 42, Molotov visited Washington and London, and reached a specific agreement with the American and British governments to open a second battlefield in that year.

But! Soon after, the United States and Britain, at Churchill's insistence, changed the landing location to North Africa without consulting with the Soviet Union! Around the end of the North African campaign, Churchill suddenly advocated the Mediterranean strategy, thinking that "if you can attack the lower belly of the crocodile in the Mediterranean, why put your head in the crocodile's mouth in Brest?" "Unequivocally opposed to the landing in the north of France.

Waiting for the USSR and Germany to fight to the death, to defeat both sides, an upgraded version of the "appeasement policy"!

Needless to say, Lin Jun gritted his teeth with hatred for that dead fat man, Hitler was a hardcore, and Churchill could probably be described as a "diamond-like stubborn prodigist"!

Send agents to kill Churchill, if he can do it cleanly and neatly, and let Hitler carry the black pot, Lin Jun will definitely be the first to raise his hand in favor! Stalin was probably the second to raise his hand.

Lin Jun knew very well that if it was indeed difficult for the Allies to advance into the European continent in 41 and 42, then by 43 the balance of power between the United States, Britain and Germany had changed radically, and the Allies had enough strength to launch an attack on any part of the continent.

In the summer of '43, the United States already had a huge armed force of up to 7 million people, and after the end of the North African campaign, the United States and Britain amassed 1.5 million troops and a large number of aircraft and warships in the Mediterranean, so that the British Minister of Armaments, Littleton, claimed in May '43 that the Allies "have all the means of attack and reliable bases from which to conduct large-scale campaigns."

Although the German army had more than 9 million men at that time, only 15 percent of its total strength was deployed in Western Europe, and most of the exhausted troops and heavy casualties transferred from the Eastern Front were in fact empty shelves.

Nevertheless, the opening of a second theater in northern France was delayed, and Churchill at this time launched the "Balkan Plan", advocating that the Allies send troops to the Balkans, the purpose of which was obviously not to defeat the German army as soon as possible, but to cut off the Soviet army's way into southeastern Europe! Thus ensuring the interests of Britain there after the war!

Churchill, it will be a big trouble after Hitler!

Until the summer of '43, when the Red Army won a decisive victory in the Battle of Kursk, the situation on the Soviet-German battlefield became clearer, and it was only a matter of time before the Soviet army went abroad to fight and enter Eastern and Southeastern Europe. It was only then that the United States and Britain pledged at the summit of the three powers in Tehran at the end of '43 that they would land in northern France in May '44.

The Soviet Union suffered many unnecessary losses due to repeated delays in the opening of the second battlefield, although the Soviet Union had made solemn representations with the United States and Britain on many occasions and made sharp criticisms about the opening of the second battlefield. However, in order to maintain the unity of the anti-fascist alliance, it still fought bloody battles regardless of gains and losses, and wiped out 73 percent of the German ground forces!

What Lin Jun and the top leaders of the Soviet Union should pay more attention to is how to prevent the Nazis and the Western world from making peace alone and carry out the anti-fascist war to the end! If Lin Jun's plan is implemented smoothly, this is a possible situation! Historically, at the end of the war, Alan Dulles, the head of the Swiss station of the U.S. Strategic Services, had secret contacts with the German SS general Wolf to discuss the terms of the surrender of the German army in Italy.

Salisbury, a famous British statesman in the 19th century, once said: "There are no permanent friends, and there are no permanent enemies, only eternal national interests" -- this is really true!

When Japan and the United States fought, there was a good chance that the United States would have to "go on the defensive and hold each other" for a year or two at the beginning, and this was the most precious period for Lin Jun to implement his huge plan -- it was unrealistic to completely defeat the Third Reich in this time, and the "German tank" was not so fragile, but Germany would definitely not be better off than the same period in Lin Jun's memory.

What will happen to the Soviet-German battlefield a year, or a year and a half? What kind of policy will Churchill, who is still dancing in support of the Soviet Union, and the United States across the Atlantic? This is all unknown, Lin Jun needs to consider it in advance, otherwise he may be very passive at that time!

In order to curb the expansion of communism, the imperialist countries can do anything treacherous!

Historically, the Soviet Union defeated the Third Reich with incomparably great sacrifices, but it was also crippled, and its strategic and human resources were finally almost exhausted, and the industrial and agricultural systems were also severely damaged to an unimaginable extent, which indirectly led to the defensive position of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Cold War and the domestic economic difficulties before the 50s.

Most of Europe was in ruins, labor was scarce, and the standard of living of the people was declining, but the Soviet people survived. Now Lin Jun may face a situation in a few years, a Soviet Union with huge losses, but not yet at the "historical level", with stronger chips in his hands, but also greater potential threats to Britain and the United States, which he should pay attention to.

In general, the first step to carry out the anti-fascist war to the end, to realize one's own plan, and then to occupy the whole of Europe and build a new order; The second step is to implement your global strategy, which requires a well-prepared plan for all possible contingencies.

As soon as the Japanese bombs fell on Pearl Harbor, Lin Jun planned to go back to Moscow and return with his full plan.

(The strategy of this book is basically explained clearly to the book friends, but the difficulties in this, the blood bat's head is swollen when he thinks about it, and the details will be solved slowly little by little in the future, not the atomic bomb can be solved, sad!) Plus a sentence: The situation of the monthly pass is very bad, and I urgently need the support of book friends! (To be continued.) )