At present, almost all the major provinces in the south are free from the rule of the Qing court, but some are still relatively chaotic, while others are under the effective control of the Fuxing Society, and the situation is quickly stabilized. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

The Eighth Town of Hubei and the Fifth Town of Beiyang, which were originally going south to exterminate the rebel party, fell into a dilemma. As soon as the revolution was launched, Chen Wenqiang cut off the supply of weapons and ammunition, and at this time, the Qing army in the two towns realized that the previous continuous advance, as well as the frequent attacks and harassment, were all intentional by the revolutionary army, and its intention was to consume the ammunition of the Qing army.

Because they did not expect Chen Wenqiang's rebellion at all, the Qing army in the two towns had no intention of saving ammunition at all. All of a sudden, the supply of materials was cut off, and the revolutionary army continued to attack, which was not large, but it intensified the consumption of ammunition of the Qing army. Soon, Zhang Biao, the commander of the Eighth Town, and Zhang Huaizhi, the commander of the Fifth Town, found that in terms of numbers, the revolutionary army in front of them was only about half of the original army, but in terms of firepower, the revolutionary army with sufficient ammunition had an increasing advantage.

The greatest blow to the Qing army in these two towns still came from psychology, and the recovery of Guangdong, Hunan, and Hubei can be said to have isolated them all in the southwest corner, and no matter how much territory they could recover from the original occupation of the revolutionary army, it would have no impact on the overall situation.

A lone army is a lone army, and the food and salary can still be barely raised on the spot, but the ammunition is getting less and less, and in the end, the guns are like burning sticks, and the soldiers are still there, so what combat effectiveness is there?

If you want to rush out, where is the direction? The enemy in front of him is firmly adhered to, and there are enemies along the way who resist and intercept each other, and you don't need to think much about the fate of fighting for thousands of miles.

In such a predicament, Zhang Biao, the commander of the eighth town in Hubei, took the lead in expressing his attitude. After receiving a letter of persuasion from Hubei, he thought hard all night, and finally made a decision to raise the flag anyway.

Zhang Biao's family and property had fallen into the hands of the revolutionary army, and the eighth town heard that Wuchang had been restored. The morale of the army was already unstable, and even the party members were clamoring, and even the officers did not dare to force the bullets, but tried their best to encircle them. It can be said that Zhang Biao made such a decision, which can be said to be not unexpected.

What is a little surprising is that Zhang Biao still wanted to take the opportunity to develop, and he led his troops back after announcing the uprising. Captured Kunming, captured the governor of Yungui who succeeded Xiliang, cut off the head, sprinkled lime and put it in a wooden box, and sent people to Guangzhou. In Zhang Biao's view, it is indispensable to show his heart, and his understanding of the revolution is to kill the Manchurians. After sending his name, Zhang Biao declared Yunnan's independence in Kunming. He was appointed as the Metropolitan Governor.

The Revolutionary Provisional Government was quick to welcome the uprising in the Eighth Town of Hubei and sent administrative officials to Kunming, though it was noncommittal to Zhang Biao, the self-proclaimed governor.

Anyone with a discerning eye can see that Zhang Biao's self-proclaimed governor is just a pleasure, and his Hubei soldiers all want to go home, who will work for him. He wanted to occupy a piece of territory and become a soil emperor. It's just wishful thinking. This was also indicated by the attitude of the Provisional Government, which was temporarily accommodating. It is also very easy to free up Zhang Biao in the future.

Zhang Biao led the Eighth Town to revolt anyway, and the situation in the southwest was reversed all of a sudden, leaving only the Fifth Town of Beiyang in Guilin and Nanning. But Zhang Huaizhi didn't dare to change his banner, nor did he dare to take the initiative to attack again, so he had to hide on the spot when he was surrounded by enemies on all sides. Wait for a message or order from the north.

Fortunately, this kind of torment did not last long, and Yuan Shikai's envoy was escorted to Guilin by the revolutionary army with a secret letter. The content of the letter is very simple, let him wait for the turn of the day, and not be rash.

Yuan Shikai neither wanted the Fifth Town to be wiped out, nor did he want the Fifth Town to change banners to affect the entire Beiyang Army. He wanted to use this force as a bargaining chip to get the men and horses of this town he had painstakingly trained back to the north safely.

In this way, the Qing army in the two towns trapped in the southwest was basically resolved, and the revolutionary army could draw more troops, one into Sichuan, one into Jiangxi, and one into Fujian, so as to expand and stabilize its territory.

The revolution was undoubtedly a major historical progress that overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and put an end to the feudal society that had lasted for nearly 5,000 years in the land of China. However, this tremendous shock also quickly spread to the vast region, and some unscrupulous people took advantage of the chaotic situation to stir up trouble everywhere and do evil.

…… The soldiers guarding every gate of the military palace wore robes with round necks and narrow sleeves, wore four-legged heads, tied a heroic knot in front, and held long knives or sabers with handles in their hands, which made people wonder if these people had just come down from the stage......

…… I also saw the young man in the market, dressed in a green satin samurai robe, wearing a green satin samurai scarf, a red flower on the left side of the scarf, and a pair of green satin thin-soled boots, dressed up like Wu Song and Shi Xiu on the stage, swaggering, going back and forth in the market......

It is not surprising that people who think that the revolution is the result of those who oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty, and although it is strange, it is not very harmful. The most hateful thing is that thieves swarm and rob homes, plunging social order into chaos.

Chaos seems inevitable, but it is not impossible to eliminate and restore social order to normal. In addition to suppressing bandits and stabilizing order, the mobilization of troops by the Fuxing Society has a deeper significance, that is, to deter and suppress the armies of the provinces and control the military power of the southern provinces as much as possible.

Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Soviet armies...... Although the provinces were electrified and became independent in response to the revolution, not all of these units, which had been transformed from the Forces nouvelles, were reliable and not all of them were under the orders of the Provisional Government. There are quite a few officers who rely on their own force and flaunt the banner of revolution, but they are not engaged in the cause of revolution.

Of course, despite all the chaos, the general situation is becoming clearer. The revolutionary movement swept the south, and the constitutionalists turned to help, which was no longer something that the Qing court or the Beiyang Army could easily suppress. This is not only understood by Chinese people, but also by foreigners.

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The Revolutionary Provisional Government of the Republic of China was established, and as soon as the news of Song Fuhua's original provisional chairman came out, the Guangfu region could be described as jubilant.

In the southern provinces, gatherings are held, lanterns are displayed, and lanterns are carried in processions to celebrate. Overseas Chinese are "since the presidential election, congratulatory messages from Nanyang, Australia, Europe and the United States have been increasing." In San Francisco, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo and other places, organized by various branches of the Renaissance Society, local Chinese held rallies and marches one after another, on the one hand, to celebrate the rebirth of the motherland, and on the other hand, to submit petitions to various governments, demanding that any foreign power not interfere with the efforts of the Chinese people to independently choose to establish a new government. He also demanded that the governments of the great powers recognize the Republic of China as soon as possible.

The Disaster Relief Committee of the Renaissance Society has just launched a campaign to request international assistance, which has already received the attention and support of many national charities and individuals, and has greatly enhanced its image. Now, the establishment of the provisional government has set off an upsurge of public opinion, which has had a certain impact on the governments of the great powers. This is especially true in the United States.

Out of belief in democratic values, the American people and public opinion expressed a strong voice, they warmly welcomed the use of revolution to overthrow the Qing Dynasty's **** rule, believing that this was a revolution influenced by American values and ideals, and an "American revolution in China", and longed for China to replace Japan as the most westernized country in Asia.

The Boston Telegraph hailed the revolution as a revolution led by intellectuals and progressives; St. Louis's Global Democracy argues that the Chinese Revolution was the realization in China of the democratic-republican ideals of Washington, Hamilton, and Madison at the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention in 1787; Washington's Times and Indianapolis' News magazine praised the Chinese and their leaders; The Asia Society Magazine sees the revolution as "an inevitable event in the process of China's rejuvenation"; The Minneapolis Journal likened the establishment of the Provisional Government in Canton to the discovery of America and the fall of the Roman Empire; The New York-based Business magazine called it "one of the most exciting events in all history."

Furthermore. The St. Louis Post, the St. Paul's Herald, New York's Handelsblatt, and many other newspapers hoped for the success of the Chinese Revolution. Influential churches in the United States were also generally in favor of the revolution, believing that it marked China's awakening and pursuit of progress, and hoped that the success of the revolution would contribute to the development of the Christian cause.

At the same time, the American people strongly called on the US government to recognize and support the Chinese revolution. After the formation of the Provisional Government, ****** received a flood of letters and telegrams, most of which demanded that the United States recognize the Republic of China as soon as possible.

Under the influence of the American people and public opinion, on June 3, 1909, the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States Congress passed the approval of the chairman of the House Foreign Relations Committee, William Brown. Surzer's proposal. "Expresses deep sympathy for the efforts of the Chinese people to implement the representative system and its ideals" and "congratulates them on the powers, duties and responsibilities of the autonomous government".

Subsequently. In his annual State of the Union address, President Taft stated that he was to some extent accepting the views of the American people, pointing out: "In the course of the political turmoil in China in 1909 and the establishment of the provisional republican government until the permanent government was established on schedule, the American people rightly expressed their natural sympathy for the Chinese democratic and republican principles. ”

The Provisional Government is setting off a tide of public opinion. While striving for international support, he showed the world a vigorous and resolute work style and attitude. On 10 May 1909, the Provisional Senate of the Republic of China was formally established, attended by 51 members from 18 provinces. Song Fuhua delivered a congratulatory speech, and then Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Jian, and Ma Junwu delivered speeches one after another. Finally, Zhang Jian was elected as the speaker. Cai Yuanpei is the vice speaker.

In the provisional Senate, the Revolutionary Alliance, headed by the Renaissance Association, held 26 seats, 7 sympathetic gentry and non-partisan figures sympathized with the revolution, 18 constitutionalists and the old bureaucracy had no seats at all. Thus, the Provisional Government was ostensibly a union of the old bureaucracy, constitutionalists, and revolutionaries, but in reality it was a regime presided over by revolutionaries.

On 30 May 1909, the Provisional Government of Guangzhou promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which stipulated: "The sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to all the people", "all the people of the Republic of China are equal", "private property is inviolable", and "the people enjoy the freedoms of person, residence, speech, publication, assembly, association, correspondence, belief, and the right to vote and to be elected". It also clarified the principle of "separation of powers" in the organizational form of the government in the future. It is stipulated that the Senate, the President, the State Council, and the courts shall exercise their ruling power.

It should be said that as soon as the provisional constitution was issued, it not only pronounced the death penalty for the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, but also abolished the feudal monarchy system that had lasted for 2,000 years in China in the form of a fundamental law, and established the political system of the bourgeois democratic republic; Since then, ideologically, he has established the concept that the imperial system is illegal and the democratic republic is legitimate.

The Provisional Constitution stresses that China is a multi-ethnic country with territorial integrity, sovereign independence, and unity, and that the territory of the Republic of China consists of 22 provinces, Inner and Outer Mongolia, Tibet, and Qinghai.

Of course, it was said that it was a provisional law, and it was quite well formulated, not to mention that among the Asian countries at that time, even in the international arena, it was recognized and praised by the majority of legal experts in the world, calling it "the most democratic and influential bourgeois civil rights charter in Asia." ”

After the passage of the Provisional Statute, the Provisional Senate deliberated and introduced a series of laws and regulations with a dizzying pace, many of which had already been implemented by the Canton Military Government, and now gave them a veneer of legality so that they could begin to be implemented everywhere.

Politics is actually like this, compromises and concessions are necessary, but the principles cannot be changed. Judging from the composition of the provisional Senate, the meaning of dividing the spoils is very obvious, and the revolutionary party and the constitutionalists have their own gains, but the revolutionary party still occupies a very advantageous position by relying on the military as its backing.

Of course, people can't be insatiable, since they have all obtained more ideal results, don't stretch out your hand to those who don't belong to you, anyway, you don't have to stretch out your hand.

As the revolutionary provisional government began to exercise its powers, a number of provincial-level administrators were appointed, Tao Chengzhang as the chief of civil affairs of Zhejiang Province, Tang Hualong as the chief of civil affairs of Hubei Province, Tan Yanmin as the chief of civil affairs of Hunan Province, Gong Baoquan as the chief of civil affairs of Jiangsu Province, and Li Liejun as the chief of civil affairs of Jiangxi Province......

Again, it was another deal to divide the spoils, with the Revolutionary Party and the Constitutionalists each gaining something. These appointed provinces are all controlled or basically controlled by the Ba'ath Society and the Constitutionalists, and the rest of the provinces are still in charge of the military and political affairs with the metropolitan governors, and the Ba'ath Congress does not want to cause unrest, at least not for now.

However, the Association issued a government order to the provinces, giving them a one-month deadline to reorganize their local governments, implement a system of separating the military administration from the chief of civil affairs and the commander of the garrison, and send supervisors from the provisional government. After the separation of the military and the government, the chief of civil affairs and the commander of the garrison were elected by the local military government and had to report to the provisional government to receive a letter of appointment. The Provisional Government will directly appoint and appoint the directors of the judicial departments and the supervision departments of the provinces, so as to uphold the principle of judicial independence and supervisory independence.

This was a flexible and legitimate means for the Provisional Government to begin to exercise central power while partially recognizing the fait accompli of the localities, but it greatly weakened the real power of the provincial governors, in other words, the Provisional Government only recognized the governors and garrison commanders, and did not recognize the official position of the metropolitan governors.

It is understandable that at the beginning of every new government, it must strengthen its control over the localities. Moreover, the measures of the provisional government are not very urgent and severe, at least the central authority must be established on the surface, and the military governments everywhere have sent telegrams to show compliance. As for how to do the ghost in it, that's the next step to solve. (To be continued.) )