The imperial examination was from the Sui and Tang dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, and lasted for more than 1,300 years

A system for selecting civil and military officials and reserve personnel by subject. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 infoThe system of selecting officials under the Jiupin Zhongzheng system adopted by the Sui Dynasty before made it impossible for ordinary people from poor backgrounds to enter the official career, and the Sui Dynasty began to change to the imperial examination system, so that any participant had the opportunity to become an official. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination gradually became ossified, and it was called the Eight Gu Zhushi, which was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty.

The imperial examination system in ancient China first originated in the Sui Dynasty. After the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, in order to adapt to the development and changes of feudal economic and political relations, in order to expand the requirements of the feudal ruling class to participate in political power, and to strengthen the centralization of power, the power to select officials was transferred to the central government, and the imperial examination system was used to replace the Jiupin Zhongzheng system. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty opened the Jinshi course in the third year of the Great Cause, and used the examination method to select the Jinshi. The word Jinshi first appeared in the "Book of Rites: The Imperial System", and its original meaning is the meaning of being able to enter and receive the lord. At that time, the main test was the political essay on the political life of the country at that time, which was called trial policy. Although this method of selecting scholars by subject and using trial strategies to select scholars was not a system at that time, it closely integrated studying, taking examinations, and serving as officials, thus opening a new page in the history of China's elections. Shen Jiji, the secretary of the Ministry of Rites of the Tang Dynasty, had a pertinent evaluation of this historic change: "The previous generation was selected, and the county of Jizhou was inspected...... As for Qi Sui, it is overwhelmed...... It is to dispose of the power of the state capital and return to the Ministry of Officials. Since the Sui Dynasty boycotted the external election, recruited people from all over the world, gathered in Beijing in spring and autumn, and gathered in the clouds. “

Collapse development

The imperial examination in ancient China originated from the Sui Dynasty, and the imperial examination was named after the selection of scholars by subject, and it was a system for selecting officials for various generations after the Sui Dynasty. During the two Jin Dynasty, the imperial court had adopted the method of examination and recruitment for the filial piety and talent raised. After Emperor Wen of Sui ascended the throne, he abolished the Wei and Jin dynasties

During the period, the nine-product Zhongzheng system monopolized by the family family, and in the seventh year of the Kaihuang Emperor (587), two departments were set up. In the second year of Emperor Yang's great cause (606), the "Jinshi Branch" was set up to try to obtain scholars. Tang because of the Sui system, divided into two kinds of regular and system lifting, Wu Zetian created the palace test and martial arts. The introduction of the imperial examination excluded some people who were admitted to the Jinshi through money, and it was a major measure to improve the imperial examination system. During the reign of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, poetry became the main content of the examination.

The imperial examination of the Ming and Qing dynasties was divided into four levels, the lowest level was called the hospital examination, which was invigilated by the prefects of the prefecture, prefecture and county, and after passing the examination, it was Xiucai, and then the township examination, which was the provincial examination, and the examination became a lifter. The next level is the examination, which is presided over by the Ministry of Rites, and the one who obtains the examination is called Gongshi, and if you can pass this pass, you are eligible to participate in the highest level of examination, that is, the palace examination. The palace examination is also called the court examination, which is presided over by the emperor himself. Anyone who can pass the palace test can at least get a jinshi. If anyone is lucky enough to win the first place in the examination, he will not only get high-ranking officials, but also become famous all over the world. However, their fame and fortune are all pulled out of the Bagu text, as for whether they have real talent and real learning, it is not necessarily.

Folded completely

After the fall of the Sui Dynasty, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty inherited the talent selection system handed down from the Sui Dynasty and did

further refinement. As a result, the imperial examination system was gradually completed. In the Tang Dynasty, the subjects of the examination were divided into two categories: regular subjects and system subjects. The annual periodical examination is called the regular department, and the examination held temporarily by the emperor's edict is called the system department.

There are more than 50 kinds of subjects in the regular course, such as Xiucai, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Junshi, Ming Law, Ming Zi, Ming Calculation, etc. Among them, the subjects of Ming Law, Ming Calculation, and Ming Characters are not taken seriously. Junshi and other subjects are not held often, and Xiucai is a subject, which was very demanding in the early Tang Dynasty, and later gradually abandoned. Therefore, the two subjects of Ming Jing and Jinshi became the main subjects of the Tang Dynasty. After Tang Gaozong, Jinshike was especially important to the people. Many of the prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty were mostly Jinshi backgrounds. There are two sources for candidates in the regular course, one is a student and the other is a village tribute. Born from the Jingshi and the state and county schools, and sent to Shangshu Province, the subjects are called apprentices; Those who do not pass the state and county examinations by the school hall first, and then send them to Shangshu Province to take the examination are called Xianggong. Those who enter Beijing from the township tribute are generally called lifters. The state and county examinations are called the Jiekao, and the examinations in Shangshu Province are commonly known as the provincial examinations, or the Ministry of Rites examinations. The Ministry of Rites Examination is held in the spring, so it is also called Chunqiu, which is also the meaning of the examination room.

The two subjects of Ming Jing and Jinshi were originally just trial strategies, and the content of the examination was Jingyi or current affairs. Although the subjects of the two examinations have changed later, the basic spirit is that Jinshi emphasizes poetry, and Mingjing emphasizes scripture and Moyi. The so-called scripture is to open a page of the scriptures, cover the left and right sides, only open a line in the middle, and then cover the three characters with paper stickers, so that the test can be filled. Moyi is a simple written test of the words of the scriptures. As long as you are familiar with the scriptures and commentaries, you can pass the test, and the poetry needs to have literary talent. It was very difficult to get the first Jinshi, so there was a saying at that time that "thirty old Ming Jing, fifty young Jinshi".

The regular examination was originally presided over by the examiner of the Ministry of Officials, and later changed to be presided over by the Ministry of Rites, which was called "Quanzhi Gongju". Jinshi and the first name is "Denglongmen", and the first place is called the champion or the head. The people on the same list want to pool money to hold a celebration activity, and the two young people on the same list explore the famous flowers in the famous garden, and call the flower explorer. It is necessary to go to the apricot orchard collectively to participate in the banquet, which is called the flower exploration banquet. After the banquet, they went to the Yan Pagoda of the Temple of Mercy and Grace to inscribe their names to show their glory, so they took the imperial examination again

Imperial examinations

The Zhongjin Shi is called the "Wild Goose Pagoda Inscription". Tang Mengjiao once wrote the poem "After Dengke": "The spring breeze is proud, and I once saw all the Chang'an flowers. Therefore, the spring breeze has become synonymous with Jinshi and the first. After Chang Ke ascended to the top, he also had to go through the examination of the Ministry of Officials, which was called the selection test. Only those who pass the test can be awarded official positions. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan Jinshi and the queen, with erudition and macro words, was immediately awarded the "Jixian Hall Zhengzi". If you fail in the official examination, you can only go to the Jiedu envoy to become a staff member, and then strive to get an official position officially appointed by the state. After Han Yu passed the Jinshi examination, he failed to pass the three selection exams, and had to serve as a staff member of the Jiedu envoy before stepping into the officialdom.

In the Tang Dynasty, not only the test results were obtained, but also the recommendations of various people. Therefore, candidates have rushed to the door of the secretary of state and presented their masterpieces to them, which is called submitting papers. Those who vote to the Ministry of Rites are called public scrolls, and those who are voted to dignitaries and nobles are called line scrolls. The submission of the scroll does make talented people shine, such as the poet Bai Juyi's poem "Endowed with Grass on the Plain" to Gu Gu, which was highly praised by the old poets. However, there are also people who deceive the world and steal their reputation.

In February of the first year of Wu Zetianzai, the empress personally "asked the tribute people in the Luocheng Palace", which was the beginning of the temple examination in China's imperial examination system, but there was no system in the Tang Dynasty.

In the Tang Dynasty, martial arts were also produced. Wuju began in the second year of Wu Zetian's Chang'an, 702 AD. The candidates for the martial arts are from the township tribute and are examined by the military department. The test subjects include horse shooting, infantry shooting, flat shooting, horse pistol, weight, etc. "Those who rank higher are awarded officials, and secondly, they are promoted by class."

Collapse the period of reform

The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty were roughly the same as those in the Tang Dynasty, with regular examinations, system examinations, and martial examinations. In contrast, the subjects of the Song Dynasty were greatly reduced compared with the Tang Dynasty, among which the Jinshi Department was still the most valued, and most of the Jinshi first-class officials could be officials to the prime minister, so the Song people took the Jinshi Department as the prime minister's department. Song Lu Zuqian said: "The science of Jinshi is often a general, and they are all extremely obvious. "At that time, there was a saying of burning incense and ceremonizing Jinshi. In addition to the Jinshi course, other subjects are collectively referred to as all subjects. The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty underwent major reforms in both form and content.

First of all, the imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty relaxed the scope of admission and role. In the Song Dynasty, Jinshi was divided into three classes: the first class was called Jinshi and so on; The second class is called Jinshi origin; The third class is given to the same Jinshi background. As a result of the expanded admissions, the number of places has also increased exponentially. In the Tang Dynasty, only twenty or thirty people were admitted at a time, and there were only a few or more than a dozen people. In the Song Dynasty, as many as two or three hundred people were admitted at a time, or even five or six hundred. For candidates who have repeatedly failed the exam, they are allowed to sign up for the supplementary examination when they encounter the emperor's examination, which is called the special performance name. It can also ask the emperor to be gracious, reward birth qualifications, appoint officials, and set a precedent for future generations.

The Song Dynasty established a three-level examination system once every three years. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there was only a two-level examination system. The first level is the examination held by the state, and the first level is the provincial examination held by the Ministry of Rites. In order to select people who are really down-to-earth and talented under feudal rule to serve in official positions and serve them, Song Taizu implemented the palace examination in the sixth year of Kaibao. Since then, the palace examination has become the highest level of the imperial examination system, and the three-level imperial examination system of the state examination, the provincial examination and the palace examination has been formalized. After the palace examination, there is no need to go through the examination of the Ministry of Officials, and the official is directly awarded. Song Taizu also ordered that after the examination, it was not allowed to call the examiner a teacher or call himself a protégé. In this way, all those who are in rank become protégés of the Son of Heaven. After the palace examination, the list will be released in the top three. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the emperor also held the ceremony of announcing the rank of the Dengke Jinshi, and gave a banquet in Qiongyuan, so it was called the Qionglin banquet, and the later generations followed suit, and then became customized. In the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination was originally held once a year, sometimes for one or two years. It was only after the reign of Shiying Zong for three years that it was officially set as once every three years. Every autumn, the cantons conduct examinations, and the following spring, they are conducted by the Ministry of Rites. The provincial examination is held in the same year. Imperial examinations

Imperial examinations

From the Song Dynasty onwards, the imperial examinations began to implement the practice of fame and reputation, and a new system was established to prevent favoritism. After the Sui and Tang dynasties opened a branch of science, the phenomenon of favoritism and malpractice became more and more serious. In response, the rulers of the Song Dynasty took some measures, mainly the establishment of a system of obfuscation and transcription. Blurring the name is to seal the name and place of origin on the candidate's examination paper, also known as "sealing" or "sealing the name". During the time of Song Taizong, according to Chen Jing's suggestion, the palace examination was carried out with a vague name system. Later, Song Renzong issued an edict that the provincial and state examinations were all subject to a vague name system. However, after the name is blurred, you can also recognize calligraphy and painting. According to the suggestion of Li Yibin, a native of Yuanzhou, the candidates' test papers will be transcribed separately. When the examiner marks the examination paper, not only is it impossible to know the candidate's name, but also the candidate's handwriting is not legible. This system has indeed been very effective in preventing the examiner from taking advantage of favoritism. However, by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the increasing political corruption, this system became a mere formality. The reform of the examination form in the Song Dynasty not only did not eliminate the chronic disease of the imperial examination, but further worsened it.

The Song Dynasty also made major reforms in the content of the imperial examinations. The imperial examination in the Song Dynasty basically followed the Tang system, and the Jinshi scientific examination of the scriptures, Moyi and poetry was very disadvantageous. Jinshi takes sound and rhyme as his business, and he is obscure about the past and the present; The Ming Jing only remembers and recites the scriptures, and its righteousness is useless to learn. After Wang Anshi was appointed governor of the government, he began to reform the content of the imperial examination, abolishing the poems, scriptures, and Moyi, and focusing on the scriptures, theories, and strategies. The so-called meaning of the scriptures, similar to the treatises, is a short essay, which is limited to using the sentences in the scriptures as the title and using the meanings of the scriptures to play. Wang Anshi's reform of the content of the examination lies in the application of the scriptures. In the eighth year of Xining, Shenzong ordered the abolition of poetry, posting scriptures, and ink righteousness, and issued Wang Anshi's "Three Classics and New Righteousness" and treatises and strategies. And the "Yi Guanyi", "Book of Songs", "Book of Books", "Zhou Li", and "Book of Rites" are called the Great Classics, and the "Analects" and "Mencius" are called the Classics, which are set as the required reading for the exams. It is stipulated that there are four Jinshi examinations: one for the Great Classics, two for the Classics, three for the Theory, and the last for the Strategy. The palace examination is only a test of strategies, and it is limited to more than 1,000 words. Wang Anshi's reform was opposed by Su Shi and others. Later, with the changes in the political struggle, the "Three Classics and New Righteousness" was canceled, sometimes the poems were examined, sometimes the scriptures were examined, and sometimes both, and the changes were uncertain.

Folded heyday

After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was established, and the imperial examination system entered its heyday. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the imperial examination, and the method of the imperial examination was more rigorous than that of previous dynasties.

Before the Ming Dynasty, schools were only one of the ways to send candidates for the imperial examination. In the Ming Dynasty, entering the school became the only way to take the imperial examination. Those who entered the country in the Ming Dynasty to study were commonly known as prisoners. There are generally four types of prisoners: those who are imprisoned to study, those who are imprisoned are called tribute prisons, those who are imprisoned by bureaucrats are called shadow prisons, those who are put into prisons are called eunuchs, and those who donate money to prisons are called routine prisons. Prisoners can be officials directly. Especially in the early Ming Dynasty, there were many people who served as prison guards and served as central and local officials. After the Ming Dynasty became an ancestor, there were fewer and fewer opportunities for inmates to directly become officials, but they could directly participate in the township examination and become officials through the imperial examination.

Those who participate in the township examination, in addition to the prison students, there are also the students of the imperial examination. Only when you enter the school and become a student can you enter the prison to study or become a student in the imperial examination. In the Ming Dynasty, the government school, state school, and county school were called county school or Confucianism. Those who have passed the examinations at all levels in the province and entered the government, prefecture and county schools are commonly known as students, commonly known as Xiucai. The entrance examination to obtain the qualification of a student is called a child test, also known as a small test or a small test. The children's examination consists of three stages: the county examination, the prefectural examination and the hospital examination. The college examination is presided over by the provincial academic administration, which is also known as the Admiral College, so this level of examination is called the college examination. Those who pass the college examination are called students, and then they are divided into prefecture, state, and county schools to study. There are three classes of students, including epiphysis, hyperplasia, and epiphysis. Those who are provided with meals by the government are called Di Shan Sheng, referred to as Di Sheng; The increase in the number of people outside the quota is called the increase of students, and the department is called the increase of life; In addition to the birth and hyperplasia, the quota is increased, and it is attached to the end of all beings, which is called attached to the student, and the department is called the epistudent. Admission to the student examination is the starting point of fame. On the one hand, students from various prefectures, prefectures, and counties are selected as tribute students, and they can directly enter the Guozijian to become prison students. On the one hand, the provincial school officials hold two-level examinations for annual examinations and scientific examinations, which are divided into six grades according to their results. Those who are listed in the first and second class in the scientific examination are qualified to participate in the township examination and are called imperial examination students. Therefore, admission to school is the first step of the imperial examination ladder.

The official imperial examination in the Ming Dynasty was divided into three levels: the township examination, the meeting examination, and the palace examination. The township examination is a local examination held by the southern and northern Zhili and the political envoys of each country. The location is in the south, Beijing Mansion, and the residence of the political envoy. Once every three years, it is held every child, noon, mao, and unitary year, and is also called Xiangfu. The examination hall of the examination is called Gongin. The examination period is in autumn and August, so it is also called Qiuqiu. All students and supervisors of the provincial imperial examination can take the examination. There were two chief examiners, four people in the same examiner, one person who was promoted, and several other officials who presided over the township examination. The examination will be held in three sessions on August 9, 12 and 15. The person who is called in the township examination is commonly known as filial piety, and the first name is Xie Yuan. Tang Bohu Township tried first, so it was called Tang Jieyuan. In the township examination, it is called B list, also known as B department. When the list is released, it is the time when the osmanthus is fragrant, so it is also called the laurel list. After the list is released, the governor presides over the deer banquet. During the banquet, the poem "Deer Song" was sung and the Kui Xing Dance was danced.

The general examination is a national examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites, also known as the rites. In the second year of the township test, it will be held every day, the second year, and the next year. The national examination is held in Beijing, and the examination period is in February in spring, so it is called Chunqiu. The examination was also held in three sessions, on the 9th, 12th and 15th of February. Since the general examination is a higher level examination, the number of examiners in the same examination is twice as large as that of the township examination. The chief examiner, the same examiner, and the promoted officer are all held by the higher officials. The examiner is called the president, also known as the seat master or seat master. In the examination, it is called Gongshi, commonly known as tribute, also known as Mingjing, and the first name is Huiyuan.

The temple examination was held in the year after the examination, and the time was originally the first day of the third month. From the eighth year of the Chenghua of the Ming Dynasty, it was changed to March 15. The test taker is a tribute. The tributes did not fail in the palace examination, but the emperor rearranged the ranking. The palace examination was presided over by the emperor Xinzi, and only one was examined. After the temple examination, the paper was read the next day, and the list was released the next day. Admission is divided into three grades: the first and third, the first and the first, the first champion, the Dingyuan, the second list, and the three Tanhua, collectively known as the three tripods. The second class is given the birth of a jinshi, and the third class is given the same birth of a jinshi. The first place in the second and third grades is called Chuanyu. The first, second, and third class are commonly known as Jinshi. The Jinshi list is called the first list, or the first branch. The Jinshi list is written on yellow paper, so it is called Huangjia, also known as the gold list, and the Jinshi is called the title of the gold list.

The first place in the township test is called Xie Yuan, and the first place in the meeting test is called Huiyuan, plus the champion of the first place in the palace test, which is collectively called Sanyuan. Lianzhong Sanyuan is a good story in the imperial examination. In the Ming Dynasty, there were only two people, Huang Guan in the Hongwu period and Shang in the orthodox period.

After the palace examination, the champion was awarded the Hanlin Academy for revision, and the Bangyan and Tanhua were awarded for editing. The rest of the Jinshi who passed the examination are called Hanlin Yuan Shu Jishi. Those who pass the examination after three years will be awarded the editors and reviewers of the Hanlin Academy, and the rest will be distributed to the directors of each department, or they will be preferentially appointed by the county, which is called the Sanguan. People from the Shuji scholars were promoted quickly, and after Yingzong, the imperial court formed a situation in which non-Jinshi did not enter the Hanlin, and non-Hanlin did not enter the cabinet.

In the Ming Dynasty, the township test and the first test of the eight strands of literature. Whether you can pass the test mainly depends on the merits of the Baguwen. Therefore, ordinary readers often devote their whole lives to Baguwen. The Baguwen is titled with the verses in the Four Books and the Five Classics, and can only explain the meaning according to the title. The wording should be in the tone of the ancients, that is, the so-called words of the sages. The format is also dead. The structure has a certain program, the number of words has a certain limit, and the syntax requires duality. Baguwen is also known as system, art, time, art, eight, and four books. The eight-strand essay is an article composed of eight rows of couples, which is generally divided into six paragraphs. Break the topic with the first sentence, continue the topic with two sentences, and then explain why, which is called the origin. The main part of the eight-strand text is four paragraphs: the starting stock, the middle share, the back share, and the bundle strand, each of which has two paragraphs. At the end of the article, use a big knot, called the recovery knot. Baguwen evolved from the Song Dynasty's Jingyi. The harm of Baguwen is extremely great, it seriously restricts people's minds, and it is a tool to maintain feudal rule, and Tongjin also leads the imperial examination system itself to a dead end. Gu Yanwu, a famous scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, said indignantly: "Eight strands are prosperous and the "Six Classics" are slight, eighteen houses are prosperous and twenty-one are abandoned." He also said: "Foolishness thinks that the harm of the eight shares is worse than burning books (burning books and pit Confucianism)." “

Fold and perish

The imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that of the Ming Dynasty, but it implemented a policy of ethnic discrimination. Manchu people enjoy all kinds of privileges, and they do not have to go through the imperial examination to become officials. The Qing Dynasty imperial examination was divided into two lists in front of Yongzheng, and the banner people enjoyed special advantages in the township examination and the meeting examination, and only one translation was examined, which was called the translation department. Later, although it was changed to the same test for Manchus and Han Chinese, the number of people who took the test was still Han Chinese.

The imperial examination system developed to the Qing Dynasty, gradually declining, and there were more and more drawbacks. Although the rulers of the Qing Dynasty punished the fraud in the imperial examination field very severely, due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself, the fraud became more and more serious, and the imperial examination system finally died out. Lasts more than 1300 years.

Collapse and edit the exam category in this paragraph

Folding children's test

It is also called the "children's examination", and the candidates are called children regardless of age, and they are qualified (first- and second-class students with excellent academic performance) after obtaining the qualifications of students (Xiucai, Xianggong), so that they can participate in the imperial examination.

Folding Township Test

The Ming and Qing dynasties held an examination every three years in the provincial capitals of various provinces, and Xiucai participated in it, and those who obtained the examination were called Juren, and obtained the qualification to participate in the examination at the central level. The first is called Xie Yuan, and the second to ten are called Yayuan.

Folding will try

The Ming and Qing dynasties held an examination in the capital every three years (the examination was held in the second year of the township examination), and the provincial juren and the Guozi supervisors could take the examination, and 300 were admitted as tributes (also known as Chinese-style jinshi), and the first was called Huiyuan.

Folding temple test

It is the highest level of examination in the imperial examination system, also known as the imperial examination, the court examination, and the personal examination. The questions for the palace examination were prepared by the cabinet and then submitted to the emperor for selection. Sometimes, the examiner prepares the question and sends it to the emperor for circle, or the emperor directly drafts the question. At the beginning, the palace examination questions were policy questions, and later changed to poems, and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, they were mainly still policy questions. Admission is scored in the top three. The first and third places are given the title of "Jinshi and the first", the first name is the champion (Ding Yuan), the second name is Bangyan, and the third name is Tanhua, collectively known as "Sanjia Ding"; A number of second-class names are given the title of "Jinshi Origin"; A number of top three names were given the title of "Tongjinshi Origin".

Collapse and edit this paragraph: Tang Dynasty imperial examinations

There were many subjects in the liberal arts in the Tang Dynasty, which were held every year. During the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system promoted the development of culture and education, mobilized people's positive and enterprising spirit, improved the quality of officials, and was conducive to social progress. Martial arts such as riding and archery, weightlifting, etc. Wu Zetian set up a martial arts, that is, Wu Zhuangyuan.

After passing the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty, he only obtained the qualification status of being an official, and he had to go through the examination or subject selection of the Ministry of Officials, and pass the examination before he could really enter the official career. The official position is better and the promotion is faster. Mainly Jinshi and Ming Jing

Collapse and edit this paragraph: Song Dynasty imperial examinations

At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, it still inherited the Tang system. After Taizong, except for the fifth grade, those who took the imperial examination and the first rank did not need to participate in the selection examination of the officials, and could be directly awarded to the ministers. Its conferral of officials is also relatively superior, such as the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty and the first petty official who was only awarded from the ninth rank, and most of the rank officials in the Song Dynasty could be awarded from the eighth rank or the ninth rank. Moreover, the promotion of officials from the imperial examination is also relatively rapid, and those who are not from the imperial examination need to be promoted step by step, and those who are from the imperial examination can be promoted by leapfrogging. Those who are highly skilled and rank first can often be promoted to prime minister or deputy prime minister in less than ten years. For example, Lü Mengzheng was promoted to deputy prime minister six years later, and then to prime minister eleven years later. Important positions are held by those who have passed the imperial examination.

In addition, the Song Dynasty also stipulated that some important official positions in the Qing Dynasty, such as prime minister, deputy prime minister, and Hanlin bachelor, must be held by those who were born in the imperial examination. It can be seen that the treatment of those who passed the imperial examination in the Song Dynasty was much superior to that of those who entered the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty and other ways. This also shows that the political and social status of the imperial examination scholars in the Song Dynasty has been greatly improved.

There were many subjects in the liberal arts in the Tang Dynasty, which were held every year. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was only one subject of Jinshi in the liberal arts, and the examination of eight strands of literature. Martial arts such as riding and archery, weightlifting, etc.

Collapse and edit this paragraph, the imperial examination of the Yuan Dynasty

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols ruled the Central Plains, and the imperial examination entered the middle and low period, but the four books were used to test the scholars, but it was a new precedent set by the Yuan Dynasty. The imperial examination system of the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the Song Dynasty, with the inscriptions of "Jingyi" and "Jingjiao". The imperial examination is divided into local township examinations, and the general examination and palace examination conducted in Beijing. The imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty only took one subject, but it was divided into left and right lists. The right list is for Mongolians and exams; There are only two tests in the township examination, and the requirements are relatively simple. The left list is for Han people and southerners to take the exam, and there are three exams in the township examination, and the requirements are relatively strict. Due to the vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the list of winners of the township examination and the general examination was distributed according to race.

In the Yuan Dynasty, from the time of Renzong to the fall of Emperor Shun, the imperial examination was suspended twice, and a total of 16 times were held, with 1,139 Jinshi and 284 Guozixue admitted, totaling 1,423 people. However, the talents selected for the Yuan imperial examination were usually not taken seriously enough, and their influence in the Yuan government was not great.

The imperial examination in the Yuan Dynasty went through four stages: the Wuxu selection examination, the Yanyou reinstatement, the Zhiyuan abolition and the Zhizheng resumption. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongolian nobles and military meritorious officials did not care about the imperial examination system at first, after the vigorous initiative of many Confucian ministers, especially the active suggestion of Renzong's Confucian scholar Wang Yue, the Yuan Dynasty really began to establish the imperial examination system after the Huangqing changed to the Yuan Dynasty (1312), and the examination was opened in 1313, which was 34 years long before Yuan Shizu conquered the Southern Song Dynasty (1279 AD), which was the longest interruption in the history of the imperial examination in China.

Folded Wuxu optional test

When Yuan Taizong destroyed the Jin Dynasty and marched to the Central Plains where the Southern Song Dynasty was located, the Zhongshu made Yelu Chucai realize the status of the scholars who mastered Confucianism among the Han people, and suggested that "Confucianism governs the country and the heart of Buddhism", and believed that "those who make utensils must use good work, and those who keep the success must use Confucianism", and asked for preferential treatment, selection, and appointment of Han Confucianism. In order to select Han Confucians into the ruling class, Yelu Chucai asked the imperial court to follow the example of the Han people and implement the imperial examination system, "please use Confucianism to select scholars".

In August of the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1237 AD), Wokotai "issued an edict to judge the affairs of the official Shu and Liu Zhong, the chief of the tax collection office of Shanxi East Road, and went through the examinations of all roads." It is divided into three subjects to discuss the meaning of the scriptures and words, make three schedules, and specialize in one subject, and those who can listen to both, but do not lose the meaning of the text as the selection". For the winners, the following year, the imperial court held an official examination, "4,030 people who were scholars", of which "Dongping Yang Huan and a number of other people, all of them were famous people for a while", and the winners were appointed as the local councillors. Since 1238 was the year of Wuxu, history called this examination "Wuxu Elective Examination".

In a strict sense, there is still a big gap between this examination and the traditional imperial examination, because compared with the Song and Jin dynasties, the "Wuxu Elective Examination" has only one road test and no general examination. In addition, from the perspective of the quality of the selection of Confucian students, the requirements of the examination are not too high, and "the selection is based on the literal meaning", which is much easier than the imperial examination in the Song and Jin dynasties. At the same time, there are not many people who are selected through this examination who are directly officials, and the officials they receive are only some minor local officials.

Fold Yanyu re-study

After Renzong ascended the throne (1311), in order to rectify the rule of officials and reform some of the drawbacks brought about by the system of officials entering the bureaucracy, he advocated governing the country with Confucianism, and re-raised the question of "seeking talents and talents, what is the law" ("Golden Huaji" volume 43), reusing Confucian ministers and implementing new policies.

In 1312, Renzong summoned his Confucian master Wang Yue, who was appointed as the right minister of Henan Jiangbei Province, and appointed him as a scholar of Jixian University in charge of education and schools, and recommended his "Xingke Examination" as "Lingjia (the first article of the decree)" ("Yuan History" Wang Yuechuan). The Yuan Dynasty used the Four Books as the content of education and examinations, setting a new precedent for the imperial examination, which was followed by later generations. Wang Yue once said: "The Tao and the Four Books are all good laws that are not easy to worship." Everyone knows, everyone has it, and everyone uses it. Breed together without harming each other, parallel without contradicting each other. It is not possible to advertise "Taoism" and "Four Books" respectively, which is restrained, unscrupulous, and vain. Gu words and deeds are compatible, the appearance is the same, and then you can really know the effect of deeds. (Cheng Fuxin's "Four Books and Chapters", 22 "Wang Yue's "Four Books and Chapters").

In the tenth lunar month of the second year of Huangqing (1313), Renzong asked Zhongshu Province to conduct the imperial examination. On the 18th day of the 11th lunar month of the second year of Huangqing (December 6, 1313), Yuan Renzong issued an edict to resume the imperial examination. On the 20th day of the eighth lunar month in the first year of Yanyou (1314), the township examination was held nationwide, and a total of 300 people were admitted. In the second year of Yanyou (1315), in the second lunar month, 300 people who passed the township examination were held in Dadu to take the 100 winners, and on the seventh day of the third lunar month, 100 candidates who were selected for the examination were held in the Dadu Imperial Palace, and finally 56 people such as Hudu Daer and Zhang Qiyan were admitted as jinshi.

This imperial examination imitates the old system of the Tang and Song dynasties, respects Zhu Xi's learning, and is known as "Yanyou Fuke" in history. After the Meng Yuan destroyed the Jin and the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination was abandoned, and the 1315 year of "Yanyou Fuke" was 36 years from the death of the Song Dynasty, and 81 years from the death of the Jin.

Fold to the meta-waste section

At the end of July of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1335), Emperor Shun ordered the abolition of the post of Zhongshu Zuo Prime Minister, and Boyan served as the right prime minister of Zhongshu alone, monopolizing the power of the imperial court. At the same time, he was given the title of hereditary Tarakhan of Boyan. The Boyan family replaced the position of the Yan Temur family.

Boyan had a rather narrow and strong sense of the exclusive respect of the Mongol aristocracy, especially the Han and Nan people, who had a large population, and was full of contempt and suspicion. In November of the year of his dictatorship, he ordered the suspension of the imperial examinations. Boyan was also very disgusted with the Confucian schools, and at the same time as abolishing the imperial examination, he ordered the rent of Zhuangtian fields that had been supplied to the Confucian schools to be changed to the military expenses of the Praetorian Guards. In February of the sixth year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1340), the two imperial examinations originally scheduled to be held in Dadu in the second year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1336) and the fifth year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty (1339) were forced to stop.

Fold to the positive recollection

In February 1340, Boyan resigned, and Tokhtar was appointed by Huizong as a member of the Privy Council; In October 1340, Huizong appointed Tokh as the right prime minister.

In December of the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1340), Huizong issued an edict to restore the imperial examination. In August of the first year of Zhizheng (1341), the township examination was resumed nationwide, and in the second year of Zhizheng (1342), the meeting examination and the palace examination were held in Dadu successively, and the history is called "Zhizheng Recovery".

After that, the imperial examination was held once every three years, until the twenty-sixth year of Zheng (1366), and the last time the general examination and the palace examination were held in Dadu. After the Yuan Dynasty returned to the grassland in August 1368, there were no more imperial examinations.

Collapse and edit this paragraph, Ming and Qing dynasties

The imperial examination in the Ming Dynasty was divided into three levels: the township examination, the meeting examination and the palace examination. The township examination was presided over by the political envoy department, and the general examination was presided over by the Ministry of Rites. Anyone who passed the Jinshi examination was appointed as an official. Generally speaking, the champion was awarded the Hanlin Academy for revision, the Bangyan and Tanhua were awarded for the Hanlin Academy, and the second and third class exams were selected as Shu Jishi, and they were all officials of the Hanlin Academy. Those who are not selected in the examination will only be awarded small Beijing officials or non-local teaching positions.

There are three stages of the folding boy test

The children's examination, also known as the children's examination, is divided into three stages: "county examination", "government examination" and "hospital examination".

The county test is conducted in each county and is presided over by the magistrate. During the Qing Dynasty, it was generally held in February every year, and there were five consecutive examinations. After passing the examination, the prefectural examination presided over by the officials of the prefectural government will be held in April, and the examination will be held three times in a row. Those who pass the county and government examinations can be called "children" and participate in the college examinations presided over by the provincial school administration or school administration. Those who are admitted to the college examination are called students (Xiucai). The first place in the township examination is called Xie Yuan.

Collapse the county test

Four village dependents and one talent are required to take the exam. Prefectural Examination: 5 people from the village and 1 Xiucai are required to participate in the examination, while the hospital examination requires 6 people from the village and 2 Xiucai to be promoted.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were three kinds of people who could not participate in the imperial examination. First: The actor himself and his children cannot participate in the children's examination. Second: A person who has committed adultery on his ancestors is not allowed to take the boy test. Third: If the father is the examiner, his children cannot take the Boys' Examination in the same year in the local area invigilated by the father.

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In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination was divided into regular and systematic subjects.

The regular subjects include Xiucai, Mingjing, Jinshi, Mingfa, Mingshu, and Mingsuan. Xiucai is the highest subject, and the examination strategy requires the applicant to be familiar with the history and be proficient in the strategy of governing the country, which is difficult to achieve for the scholars of the early Tang Dynasty who lack knowledge of the history and are obsessed with words, and they dare not apply for the Xiucai subject. In the second year of Yonghui, it was abolished.

Specialized knowledge in the Ming Law, Ming Shu, and Ming Arithmetic examinations, and then engaged in specialized work, generally cannot serve as high-ranking officials, and there are very few applicants. The scholars tend to be mainly the two subjects of Ming Jing and Jinshi. The Ming Jing mainly examines two Confucian classics. There are nine canons in the Tang Dynasty, "The Book of Rites" and "Zuo Chuan" are the major classics, "Mao Poems", "Zhou Li" and "Rites" are the middle classics, and "Zhou Yi", "Shangshu", "Ram" and "Gu Liang" are small classics. Those who pass through the two meridians are one large and one small, or two middle meridians. At the same time, they also have to study the "Book of Filial Piety" and "Analects". At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming Jing was based on the chapters of the scriptures. Many of them do not read the canon, but simply transcribe and memorize the chapters and regulations related to the countermeasures. In order to prompt Juzi to read the scriptures, Gaozong decided to add a test of the scriptures in the second year of Gaozong Tiaolu (680 AD). The Thessalonutical is to take a line from the scripture and cover a few words in it for the examiner to fill in. After the sutra is passed, then try to make a decision. The memorization of Confucian classics became a prerequisite for the adoption of the Ming classics. But in this way, the situation of those who cite the scriptures by rote memorization and do not seek righteousness is even more serious. In order to improve this situation, in the twentieth year of Kaiyuan (737 AD), it was stipulated that the standard of passing the scriptures should be lowered, and the policy of asking the scriptures and righteousness should be changed to ten articles of oral questioning, and at the same time, three policies should be added to the test. Since people who are engaged in the profession are rarely able to deal with them, and they are not as good as the literal meaning, the examination of current affairs and oral questions is just a formality, and the continuation of the scriptures is still taken as the standard. The Ming Sutra continued along the road of rote memorization, and later to the twelfth year of Tianbao, the Sutra also returned to the original passing standard. Jinshi took the exam in the early Tang Dynasty. At that time, the standard for measuring the essays was to look at the words of the articles. As a result, many people do not read the scriptures and history, only read the four strategies, do not distinguish chapters and sentences, do not practice composition, and only work imitating strategies. In response to this situation, Gaozong decided in the second year of Tiaolu (680 AD) that Jinshi and the Ming Jing should be tested and tested. In the second year of Yonglong (Siyuan 681), it was stipulated that Jinshi should take two additional essays, and those who passed would then try to make a decision. The Jinshi Department began to implement a system of three examinations: the Sutra, the Essay, and the Strategy. Essays were originally familiar to scholars such as proverbs, tables, inscriptions, and fu, and began to be dedicated to poems and fu during the Tianbao period (AD 742~756). Due to the social atmosphere at that time, which emphasized literature, and at the same time, at the time of Kaiyuan and Tianbao, Li Linche, who was in power, also consciously took Jinshike as a subject for selecting literary scholars, so Jinshike continued to move forward along the road of literary scholars, and developed to the main criterion of Jinshi and the rank of Jinshi. After Jinshi became the main source of talents, the criteria for admission to Jinshi were re-based on the continuation of the policy, and the standard for measuring the policy was changed to mainly look at the content of the policy.

The Changke should be promoted by the apprentices and the village tribute. The apprentices mainly refer to the students of Guozixue, Taixue, Simenxue, Law, Calligraphy and Arithmetic, as well as the royal relatives and noble descendants who studied in Hongwenkan and Chongwenkan. They studied two Confucian classics at school, and after passing the examinations at the end of the study period, they were sent by the library superintendent to Shangshu Province to take the examinations of various subjects. In addition, those who have registered in the state and county, passed the county and state level by level examination, and were sent by the state government to Shangshu Province to participate in the regular examination, are called township tributes. Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the presiding officer of the tribute examination was the Ministry of Officials, and the Ministry of Officials was in charge of the examination of merit by Wailang. After the opening of the Yuan Dynasty, the number of children increased day by day, and many children of high-ranking officials also participated in the imperial examination. The examiner Wailang only ascended from the sixth rank, and he was unable to deal with the entrustment of high-ranking officials and the noisy lawsuits of the first son. The Gonggong Yuan can no longer cope with the increasingly complicated tribute affairs. In the twenty-fourth year of the opening (736 A.D.), because of the incident of lifting the son to collide with the examiner Wailang Li Ang, Xuanzong Junchen thought that the power of the Wailang was light, and the task of the minister's selection was too heavy, so it was changed to the Ministry of Rites, and the Ministry of Rites was specially ordered to know the tribute, and set up the Tribute Institute as an office; Set up a seal letter as a proof of authority. After the Shangyuan Dynasty (760~761 AD), sometimes the Zhongshu Provincial Sheren or other officials of the four grades of the Qing Dynasty were appointed to take charge of the tribute, which was called the Quan Zhi Tribute. The system of subjects is held by the emperor on a temporary basis, and there are many names. Only the "Tang Hui Yao" volume 76 "System Lifting" discusses from the third year of Xianqing (658 AD) to the second year of Yamato (828 AD), a total of 78 subjects. Before the Anshi Rebellion, although some subjects were similar, such as Gaozong's successively had the discipline of words and literature, the subject of words and law, and the subject of literature and excellence, Wu Zetian's time successively had the super-group and the peerless department, and Xuanzong had both excellent literature and history, erudition, and martial arts, Anbian, resourcefulness and generals, and military strategy and other subjects, but basically there was no repetition.

After the first year of Jianzhong, some subjects, such as the virtuous and good Fangzheng can speak outright, and the Broadcom Mathematics Dictionary and the Science and Humanities course, have repeatedly appeared. The changes in the subjects reflect the different requirements of the rulers for talents with the development of the political and economic situation. Those who should be promoted can have a background and an official position, or they can have neither a background nor an official position, and they can be promoted continuously. However, for a long period of time, candidates must be recommended by relevant officials before they can take the examination. It was not until the opening of Xuanzong that the self-promotion of the applicant was officially proposed, and it was determined at the end of Tianbao, and ordinary scholars could freely apply for the examination. Preparation of general examination measures. In the second year of Yongchun (683 AD), the number of tests was determined to be three. During the examination, the emperor appoints an examiner or examiner, who is responsible for reviewing the examination papers and determining the ranking. Gaozong and Wu Zetian both came to the test site in person. However, the emperor personally tried it until the ninth year of Kaiyuan (721 AD) before it was finalized. The system and the first, the original no birth and official position, generally awarded from the nine grades of the upper or lower rank of the county lieutenant, the succession of the good also awarded the nine grades of the lower prince school book. Jinshi and the first are generally from the ninth rank of the lower rank, and the beginning of the system is one to two orders higher than that of the Jinshi. Those who have an original official position can be promoted, and those who have continued to be excellent can be promoted to the third or fourth rank. Those who participate continuously and continue to ascend to the department can be promoted quickly, and they will soon be able to become a high-ranking official of the fifth grade. In addition, the article is added, and the author is also the same as the author after the examination of the relevant department. Du Fu offered the three major gifts when he was in Tianbao, and Xuanzong summoned the article and awarded the official position.

In addition to the imperial examination, there was also the system of door shade. Those who are in the shadow of the door are in the official position of their fathers and ancestors, and the remnants of the wealthy family are in office. Tang Yin's system stipulates that officials above the third rank can shade their great-grandchildren, and those above the fifth rank can shade their grandchildren. The grandson of the shadow was demoted to the first rank of the shadow son, and the great-grandson was demoted to the first rank of the grandson ("Tang Hui Yao. with shade). It can be seen from the Tang books that there are very few people in the Tang Dynasty who have made political successes because of the shadow of the family and left them in the annals of history. Among the dozens of people who came to the prime minister in the shadow of the door, there were only a few people with political achievements, such as Chu Suiliang, Yao Chong, Li Jifu, Li Deyu and his son.

Collapse and edit this paragraph: pros and cons of the imperial examination

The imperial examination is a great progress in the history of Chinese bureaucracy, and Zhao Tiexin's imperial examination system is a basic system for selecting officials by examination in Chinese history. He originated in the Han Dynasty, was founded in the Sui Dynasty, established in the Tang Dynasty, completed in the Song Dynasty, flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and was abolished in the last years of the Qing Dynasty, through the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. According to historical records, from the first year of the Sui Dynasty (6O5) to the Jinshi Branch; It was officially abolished in the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), which lasted for 1300 years and had a wide and far-reaching influence at home and abroad. Judging from the history of China's bureaucratic system, the emergence of the imperial examination system is a historical inevitability and great progress, and some people believe that it was a profound revolution. In Chinese history, in order to consolidate their rule, the slave owner class and the feudal landlord class used various methods and established various official systems to select the talents they needed. Xia, Shang and Zhou adopted the "sub-feudal system" and the "Shiqing Shilu system", all of which were hereditary by blood, and it was difficult to obtain their outstanding talents, and the result was that "the dragon gave birth to the dragon, and the phoenix gave birth to the wind" The sons of the common people "face the loess and turn their backs to the sky". The Han Dynasty's "chaju" and "conquest" systems replaced the hereditary system, in which the governors of prefectures and counties recommended talents to the imperial court, and after inspection by the imperial court, they were awarded official positions, or the emperor's special edict selected officials, which was naturally an improvement. But it is still the will of the local governor and the will of the imperial court, and the human factor is very large. Because the bureaucrats who hold the power to elect officials pay attention to their families, protect each other, compare their peers with each other, and engage in favoritism and irregularities, a serious problem has arisen: "Show off talents, but do not know books; Filial piety and honesty, the father does not live. Hansu is as white and muddy as mud, and Gao Diliang will be as timid as a chicken." Good people from the bottom still can't be selected. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties implemented the "Nine Grades Zhongzheng System".

The government selects and sends prestigious officials to serve in the prefectures and counties and to evaluate the ranking of some landlord class intellectuals. The central officials of each state and the county are positioned as nine products of talent and family background in the areas under their jurisdiction (upper, upper, middle, and lower; Upper middle, middle middle, lower middle; Lower, lower, lower, lower) to recommend to the imperial court, appoint official positions. At that time, this somewhat changed the situation in which the governors of prefectures and counties were arbitrary, doing whatever they wanted, and taking bribes for personal gain, so that some relatively talented people were selected to enter the official career. However, the Zhongzheng officials were later completely controlled by the big families, and "the nine products visit people, only ask the Zhongzheng", which has actually become a tool for the big landlords and wealthy forces to control the election of officials. Family background and family background have become the only criteria for evaluating official character. As a result, there was a situation in which "the public has a public door, and the secretary has a secretary" and "the upper class has no poor family, and the lower class has no powerful family", and "the world is in a high position, and the handsome and subordinate subordinates" have emerged, and the small and medium-sized landlords can only be petty officials, and the common people are all turned away from the officialdom. From the Sui Dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination system has always adhered to the principle of "free registration, unified examination, equal competition, merit-based admission, and open list", which completely broke the monopoly of blood hereditary relations and clans, and was a direct and powerful reform and negation of the official selection system in China's ancient society, especially the inspection and requisition system of the Han Dynasty, and the nine-grade Zhongzheng system of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It has provided a platform, opportunity, and condition for the small and medium-sized landlord class and ordinary people to enter the ranks through the imperial examination, so that a large number of outstanding talents with low status and humble backgrounds have come to the fore. As soon as they entered the political arena of history, they became the pillars of the ruling class. Lü Mengzheng of the Northern Song Dynasty suffered misfortune since childhood, and was driven out of the house by his father and the mother and son, living in a cave for a long time to live a hungry and cold life. Fan Zhongyan has been poor since he was a child, and he has made great achievements in the soil and the first official to the prime minister, and enjoys the reputation of "the court has a worry-free Fan Jun, and the Beijing teacher has nothing to do with Xiwen" (Fan Zhongyan has a Xiwen).

The ancestor of Wen Tianxiang, the champion of the Southern Song Dynasty, never served as an official. His father was just an ordinary scholar, and his family had been in the low-level for a long time. Wang Jie, the champion of Shaanxi during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and Liu Chunlin, the last champion of the late Qing Dynasty, were both authentic peasant children, and their parents were farmers. Wang Jie has been an official in the court for more than 40 years, as the Jiaqing Emperor, the official is in a high position, upright and honest, spotless, justice, and hatred of evil. When Emperor Jiaqing punished corrupt officials and gentry, Wang Jie was the chief judge. Wang Jie was recognized by later generations as a famous minister of the two generations of Qian. Wang Jie returned to his hometown in his old age, and Emperor Jiaqing's praise for him was: "The straight road is a temple corridor, and the two sleeves return to the cold city." If there was no imperial examination system, it would be impossible for these cloth and grass people to ascend to the Dragon Gate, and they would never have come out in high positions. In the long 1,300-year-old imperial examination system, there were more than 700 champions, nearly 110,000 jinshi, and millions of juren. After the Sui and Tang dynasties, almost every intellectuals had an indissoluble bond with the imperial examination, and they all had a career in the imperial examination, and very few had never participated in the imperial examination.

The imperial examination has produced a large number of famous ministers, famous ministers and eloquent politicians who are good at governing the country and the country, and many thinkers, writers, artists, poets, scholars, educators, scientists, diplomats, etc., such as Sun Fujia, Wang Wei, Zhang Jiuling, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Su Dongpo, Sima Guang, Zhu Xi, Bao Zheng, Kou Zhun, Zhang Jiucheng, Zhang Xiaoxiang in the Song Dynasty, Yang Shen, Kang Hai, Tang Xianzu, Zhang Juzheng, Hai Rui, Xu Guangqi, Ji Xiaolan, Liu Yong, Zheng Banqiao, Weng Tonghe, Hong Jun, Qian Dating, Lin Zexu, Zhang Jian, Cai Yuanpei and other cultural celebrities in the Qing Dynasty are all from the champions, into the soil and among the people, all of whom are the talents of the Chinese nation. The 1,300-year imperial examination system accounted for almost three-fifths of China's more than 2,000 years of feudal society and nearly one-third of China's 5,000-year civilization history.

It has played a tremendous role in the reunification of the motherland, social stability, the unity and integration of all nationalities, the spread and construction of Chinese civilization, and especially the promotion and development of Confucian culture and ancient education. China's imperial examination system spread from the east to the west after the Song and Yuan dynasties, and Vietnam, Japan, South Korea, and North Korea have all imitated China's imperial examination system for a long time in their countries; The political systems of France, the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries were also directly influenced by the role and important influence of China's imperial examination system. The modern civil service selection system in the West, the modern education system and the cadre selection system in China are all the inheritance and development of China's imperial examination system. Therefore, Dr. Sun Yat-sen fully affirmed that China's imperial examination system "is the oldest and best system used in all countries in the world to extract true talents" (The Constitution of the Five Powers). Westerners refer to China's imperial examination system as "China's fifth greatest invention." It is undoubtedly a great contribution to the Chinese nation and to all mankind. The content of China's imperial examination to the Ming Dynasty was dominated by the eight-strand text, that is, the "eight-share taker".

It gradually became a rigid model, especially in the late Qing Dynasty, and became a shackle that severely constrained intellectuals, exposing all kinds of shortcomings. Therefore, Wu Jingzi wrote "The Outer History of Confucianism", an immortal masterpiece that satirizes the scientific field. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the feudal social system was about to collapse, the Wuxu Reform occurred, and "abolishing the imperial examination and building schools" had become a historical necessity. In 1905, the Qing government issued an edict to stop the imperial examinations. Since then, the 1300-year imperial examination system has come to an end. We must adopt a historical materialist attitude to correctly understand China's imperial examination system and give it its due historical status. Lenin said: "In the analysis of any social problem, the absolute requirement of Marxist theory is to raise the problem within a certain historical scope" (Lenin's Complete Works, vol. 20, p. 401). I believe that the imperial examination system in 1300 was dominated by a positive and progressive role, and that its serious shortcomings in the late period should not be covered up because of its great progressive effect, nor should its great progressive role be denied because of the serious shortcomings of the late period.

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Jinshi: It means a person who pays tribute. In the Tang Dynasty, the subjects of Jinshi were most valued, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the name of the person who was admitted to the Jinshi examination was the beginning of the Jinshi, and those who were admitted by the Gongshi through the palace examination were the Jinshi.

Champion: The first person in the imperial examination is the winner. In the Tang Dynasty, people who went to Beijing to take the examination of the Ministry of Rites had to vote, so they were called the champions of the Jinshi Branch and the first place, also called the heads. In the Song Dynasty, the name of the first person in the palace test was the champion. After the Ming and Qing Dynasty examinations, the tributes must be examined, divided into three first-class scholars, one first-class three, and the first is the champion.

List eye: The first and second names of the imperial examination hall. In the early days of the Northern Song Dynasty, the first, second, and third places admitted to the palace examination were called the eyes of the list, which means that they refer to the eyes in the list. The Ming and Qing dynasties refer to the second place, and the third name is Tanhua. Bangyan was edited by the Hanlin Academy.

Tanhua: The third name of the first class in the imperial examination hall is Tanhua. Tang Dynasty Jinshi Qujiang Xingyuan first banquet, called "Tanhua Banquet", with the same list of handsome young Jinshi two or three people as the flower explorer, all over the famous garden, explore the famous flowers, the name of the flower began here, the Song Dynasty is also called the Flower Lang. After the Southern Song Dynasty, he specifically referred to the third place in the first class of the palace examination. The Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties have not changed. Tanhua was edited by the Hanlin Academy.

Gongshi: In ancient times, the system of recommending talents to the imperial court. Since the Tang Dynasty, through the township tribute

Those who pass the examination are called tributes. In the Qing Dynasty, those who would be tested were tributes.

Huiyuan: In the imperial examination system, the Chinese style of the township examination is to lift people, and the first place in the Chinese style of the examination is Huiyuan.

Juren: originally referred to the person who was recommended, and was the general name for the candidates who took the examination for the township tribute in Beijing in the past dynasties. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was the special name of the person who won the township examination, as a kind of birth qualification, and it was called "Fa Jie" and "Fa Fa", referred to as "Fa", and it was customary to be called "Lord".

Xie Yuan: In the Tang Dynasty, those who raised the jinshi were all sent to the test by the local solution, so the first name of the township test was Xie Yuan. Song used to be called Jietou.

Filial piety: One of the subjects for the selection of officials in the Han Dynasty, it was the main way for scholars and doctors. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was commonly known as filial piety.

Masters and protégés: The scholars of the Han Dynasty were the princes who presided over the inspection of states and counties by inspecting and recruiting Renren as officials. The assassins and counties are called the masters, and the wise men who are promoted and expelled become the protégés of the lords and the lords of the mansions, and the later imperial examinations and the first ones also call themselves protégés to the examiners. After Song Taizu, Jinshi was admitted by the Imperial Palace, and Jinshi became a "protégé of the Son of Heaven"; At the same time, it is also clearly stipulated that in the future, the lifter shall not claim to be the examiner's protégé.

Gongsheng: In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the students of the government, state and county schools, who have been selected and promoted to the national prison are called tribute students. It means to contribute to the emperor with talents.

Xiucai: Another name is "Maocai". This is a general term for outstanding talents. After the Han Dynasty, it became one of the subjects that recommended talents. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, this subject was the most important. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Xiucai was established, which was gradually abolished and only used as a general name for ordinary Confucian scholars. Ming Taizu once adopted the method of recommendation, and dozens of talents were promoted, but the prefect was the official. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was specially used to call the students of the government, state and county. It is also customarily referred to as "Xianggong".