Back in Beijing, Yang Chao convened several major departments such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of National Defense to discuss. Pen % fun % Pavilion www.biquge.info

First of all, Defense Minister Duan Qirui made a brief report on the Soviet and Russian issues, and then Yang Chao asked everyone to discuss.

"The key to the Tsar's defeat was not in weapons and ammunition, but in food, and the tsarist army lacked food, so it was collected locally, but this annoyed the peasants. And the tsar's soldiers were mostly peasants, and as a result, as soon as the Russians counterattacked, the tsar's army collapsed. I think that the agrarian reform in Russia is of great comparative significance to our country. ”

Yang Chao sighed.

But others are very strange, they think that the Russian countryside and the Chinese countryside are completely different things, the Russians are the primitive commune system, and China is completely private, how can it be related, but they don't know that Yang Chao has brought in the habits of later generations.

The countryside of the Russians is also the most unique in the world, they practice a kind of village community public ownership system, which is very peculiar, historical research believes that it is a remnant of the original public ownership, there are still remnants of the European Middle Ages, but into the modern society, they have been abolished, France and Britain abolished very early, Germany was reformed after the Napoleonic Wars.

Tsarist Russia, on the other hand, has not changed.

In the era of serfdom in Russia, it was the big nobles who controlled the countryside, and the big nobles lived in the manors, some lived with the serfs, and some lived alone with the serfs, and the place where the serfs lived was called the village community, similar to the Chinese village.

The village community has its own land, which is publicly owned, and each peasant family can get a share of the land, which is called a share of the land. However, the village community was subordinate to the great aristocracy, and the peasants had to cultivate their own land only after they had finished plowing the landlord's farm.

Later, around 1856, Russia was beaten by the British and French capitalist empires, and found that it was impossible to implement capitalism, so Tsar Alexander began to reform, and the practice at that time was to abolish the status of serfs, and the serfs had no obligation to work for free to the landlords, and only needed to do their own share of the land.

At the same time, the peasants were allowed to buy their share of the land and turn the public share into their private property, but the price of redemption was too high, and the rich peasants did so at first, but it slowly disappeared, and only a part of the most fertile land became private property, and most of the village land remained a share of the land.

In the hands of Tsar Nikolai, the Russian countryside was basically a structure of landlords' estates, kulaks' private property and public land.

Moreover, the village community occupies more than eighty percent of the rural cultivated land, which is a relatively fair system, because everyone can get a share of the land, according to the population changes, some places 10 years, some places 12 years, and some places even once a year, later generations of Chinese rural people are easy to understand, because this is how rural China plays.

This method ensured fairness, but it always constrained Russian agriculture, because the land was divided into small plots, which could not be cultivated on a large scale, and there was no one to improve the soil and carry out water conservancy construction.

Therefore, Stolypin continued to promote reforms, to actively promote the rich peasants in the countryside to acquire their shares, and hoped to form large farms to run agriculture as in the United States. However, the problems in the countryside are serious, and the peasants are reluctant to divide the public land, because most people cannot actually afford to buy land. It is as if the Chinese government in later generations said that it would expropriate land in the countryside for development, and there were always peasants who rose up to resist.

Russia is also facing this problem.

Stolypin had a bank in the city to encourage the rich peasants, who he believed were more knowledgeable about management, while the peasants in the village community were completely mixed and waiting to die, and if they did not pay enough taxes, they could only be in arrears if they could not help them, and Russia had the largest arable land in the world, but there was never enough food for themselves, which was very problematic.

But Stolypin's reforms hurt the interests of these peasants, who did not want their land to be divided, which was a continuation of culture and extremely troublesome. Because the peasants are not willing to privatize, what do you do? You tell them that they can divide the public land, but they don't want to.

If the peasants do not divide the land, the land is still publicly owned and cannot be sold, and the rich peasants cannot buy the land even if they have money.

Stolypin pushed it hard and organized a team to go to the countryside to divide the land, this is your family's, that's his's.

After the land is divided, it can be bought and sold, and many people sell their land for a bottle of wine, because it is public land, and after the sale, he can still divide the land. There is still a portion, but there is no longer such a fertile portion. So the poor peasants became even poorer.

However, the increase in grain production in Russia and the growth of agriculture as a whole were to the detriment of the peasants. So the peasants were always accumulating discontent, and that was why there was a revolution.

After Soviet Russia came to power, it promised the peasants to return the land of the rich peasants and landlords to the peasants, that is, to the village communities, which was supported by the vast majority of poor peasants.

Therefore, Soviet Russia has always had the support of the peasants, and after the tsar fought back, he did not move the interests of the peasants, but when there was no grain, he naturally had to go to the village community to collect, and the Cossacks who collected grain were the most unqualified barbarians, which caused the dissatisfaction of the peasants.

The trouble is that after entering Europe, a large number of peasants were requisitioned into the tsarist army, and these people did not dare to resist because of the authority of the tsar, but as soon as the Russian army counterattacked, they immediately fled and fled back to their respective villages, not wanting to give their lives to the tsar.

The Russian peasants also had the cunning of the Russian peasants, who did not give their lives to the Tsar and did not want to give their lives to the Soviets.

But the Soviets were much more ruthless than the Tsar.

The tsar's deserters were caught, and at most an eleven were killed, while the Soviet officers were killed as they fled.

Not only that, but the Soviet officers were also more strictly controlled, and Vladimir sent a military council, unlike the political commissars of later generations, not to do ideological mobilization, but to supervise the officers, because few of Vladimir's men knew how to fight, so they used the officers of the tsarist army to lead the army.

Vladimir's general, Toniu, said: "The organizational principles of the Red Army are very close in form to those of the tsarist army. ”

But how to prevent the officers from surrendering, when they met the tsar, many officers really did not dare to do anything, the Soviets' method was to take hostages, take the families of these officers as hostages, they could not fight well, first of all, the military council at the front could immediately execute them, if they dared to resist, their families in the rear would be killed.

In this way, the tsarist army, which consisted of peasants without fighting spirit, fought for a year against the Soviet army, which consisted of workers and had strict military laws, and finally the more organized and ruthless Soviets won.

Yang Chao encountered a problem, whether to send troops to help the Tsar, if he didn't help the Tsar, he would have to border with the Soviets in the future, and if he helped the Tsar, he would have to send troops directly, because the Tsar's army obviously had no combat effectiveness, but the Soviets were fighting more and more bravely, and they were fighting more and more.

"Do you think we should send troops?"

Yang Chao wanted to hear the opinions of his subordinates. (To be continued.) )