One of the scientists who came today was meeting for the first time, Liebig's good friend, the famous chemist Friedrich? Weller, the god who invented artificial urea. Protein is the main component of living things, and urea is a product of protein metabolism, produced by the liver, called the "urea cycle", it is an important nitrogen fertilizer, due to the difficulty of nitrogen fixation, urea is quite important for plants. This is an important part of the fertility of "organic fertilizer". He was originally teaching at the University of Göttingen, 500 kilometers away, but at the right time, he seized an opportunity for academic exchange and came to the University of Munich at public expense, becoming an unexpected guest of honor at Earls Court in Cambridge today.

What is the significance of the invention of artificial urea? This is the first time that scientists have challenged the boundaries between organic and inorganic, and Wüler's view is that inorganic and organic matter are not absolute. I'm amazing, right? Many other scientists still adhere to the idea of a strict distinction between inorganic and organic, and his teacher Betzelius was also a master, who proposed the concept of "organic chemistry" in 1806, believing that organic chemistry has "vitality". Betzelius refuted Wüller's argument by saying, "You say that there is no absolute limit between organic and inorganic, well, you make me a little friend to come out and see." ”

This sentence made Willer choke his internal wounds, and he kept wondering how I could make a child. Until the death of Betzelius in 48, Weiler could not hold back a powerful counterattack, and on the occasion of the gathering of scientists, he took out the "golden and jade good words" of respecting the teacher and asked for advice.

Scientists have different opinions, but there is no hypothetical way to overcome the barrier of vitality, it seems that God's dignity is still not desecrated, only God can create children, and no one is incompetent.

In fact, what Weller wants to hear most is Downing's opinion, even if he doesn't have any real insight, it would be good to have one more person who agrees with scientific intuition. Downing's theory of microbial pathogenesis has now been recognized by all biological circles, and hospitals without disinfection measures are almost no longer attended by scientists and people with certain scientific knowledge. There is no doubt that the authority in the microbial world is Downing, so Weller asked: "Lord Earl, it is difficult to make children, but is it possible to create microorganisms?" ”

Downing's quote disappointed Weller: "Only God can make living things, scientists can't." ”

Alas, it turns out that genius scientists have also encountered an insoluble ceiling, and the hurdle of God seems to be insurmountable.

Downing's next sentence was said in German, which made all the scientists lose their voices: "Isn't it a fool's dream that scientists want to create a creature that God spent billions of years to create?" ”

After dozens of seconds of silence, one of the scientists finally wondered if he was wrong in German: "Excuse me, what did you say?" Billions of years? Did I hear me right? ”

At this moment, as if a monk who practiced meditation had an epiphany, Tang Ning fluently spoke German with more than a thousand words: "That's right, I'm talking about billions of years. As for why this is the number, I guessed it through the knowledge of geology, and I probably can't be wrong. In other words, I think it was billions of years ago that the first and simplest organisms began to appear on Earth, and it was precisely microorganisms.

After so many years of investigation of the natural world, I have come to a conclusion: God only created the simplest rules, not a complex and concrete thing, and he did not create the earth, nor animals, nor people. It's the most basic rule of physics, to put it more bluntly, the fundamental forces, as far as our current knowledge is concerned, how many forces are there in nature? Three types: gravitational force, molecular force, electromagnetic force.

So, can these three most basic forces make up everything? I assert - yes.

A brief introduction to my view of the formation of the Earth, on a scale in which gravity plays a decisive role. Gravitational pull can almost explain a qiē celestial phenomenon. Some of you may be interested in astronomy, do you know about Saturn's rings? Raise your hand, please. ”

Scientists were indeed interested in astronomy, and a third of them raised their hands, completely attracted by the "lecture" of Lord Earl, and threw themselves into it.

Downing: "Oh, quite a bit, remember that there are some vacant orbits in the middle of Saturn's rings?" How did these strange, empty rings come to be? That's right, it's gravity that's at work. This void-ring phenomenon is called orbital resonance. What does that mean? It turns out that there are actually things on these empty tracks, but ...... Saturn not only has rings, but also moons, a large moon happens to rotate at the same speed as the debris in a ring region, which means that the debris in this region will encounter the gravitational pull of the satellite every time it revolves around Saturn, and then move towards the satellite a little bit, after millions or even tens of millions of years, hundreds of millions of years of motion, the debris in this region will be completely swept away by the satellite! This is the secret of Saturn's rings. ”

His words were basically spoken in German, but when he encountered technical terms that he couldn't speak, he would speak them in French or English, and he spoke in a mixed manner, making comparisons as he spoke, but many scientists understood it, and one thought the explanation was really wonderful, and applauded.

The scientist who didn't understand saw the applause, felt that he had missed something, muttered to each other, and then suddenly realized that he couldn't help but be happy.

When everyone was almost muttering, Tang Ning continued: "Interesting, right? In fact, many astronomical phenomena are like this, and some of the things we think are amazing are the result of the complex gravitational force between celestial bodies. What I'm trying to convey is that gravity is also responsible for the formation of the Earth. God doesn't need to create the earth, he just needs to create gravity. Originally, the entire solar system was a large cloud of cosmic dust composed of small molecules, and the gravitational pull was constantly acting, and the cosmic dust gathered.

So why are all the celestial bodies rotating? And the speed of rotation is so fast. This is simple, because you always feel slower when the object rotates in the distance, the solar system is a super large sphere, when the sphere is getting smaller and smaller, you will find that it is rotating faster and faster, this is like a tornado, the original cyclone formed by the rotation of the earth you will not feel its speed, but once it is squeezed to the size of a tornado, the speed is amazing.

In short, God created gravity, and gravity created the earth. Next, it's time to talk about our beloved planet.

The work of gravitation is basically over, and now it is the turn of the molecular forces to come in. Molecules with the same or similar properties tend to combine together to form a stable structure, which does not mean that molecules attract each other, attraction is not the essence of molecule formation, but not easy to be disassembled. Is there a difference between these two statements? Yes, a huge difference. Because only by understanding this essence can we better explain the formation of macromolecules. Whether a macromolecule can be formed depends on whether its products are stable, and the molecules can form a combination of countless macromolecules, and only the structure of the stable dìng can be dominant in quantity, which is well understood, macromolecules are divided and combined in nature, and the structure of stable dìng is not easy to disintegrate, so there are more and more.

Please note that the show is about to take place -- billions of years ago, because of the formation of countless macromolecules in the vast ocean, and one of these countless macromolecules is quite special, and it can reproduce its structure roughly exactly under certain conditions. You can imagine such a situation, two very long molecular chains, one is A, the other is B, a type of molecule on the A chain is a convex shape, and the corresponding B is the shape of the concave, A chain has a series of protrusions, there are also a series of depressions, one by one corresponds to the depressions and protrusions on the B chain, that is to say, A chain and B chain are complementary.

When the day comes, the sun comes out, the ocean gets hot, and the A chain and B chain of this macromolecule are separated by heat energy, and at night, the ocean gets colder, but at this time, the B chain that was originally paired with the A chain doesn't know where to drift, what to do with the A chain? Easy to do, it looks for new pairs of raised and depressed molecules. Wow, a miracle happened, a brand new C chain exactly like the B chain appeared, and the macromolecule completed self-replication for the first time! ”

The scientists were fascinated by what they heard, and it seemed as if countless chains of macromolecules were being replicated in the rhythm of day and night.

Downing: "And just like that, this macromolecule is constantly replicating itself day after day, and thousands of the same macromolecules are born in the ocean. Finally, one day, one of the offspring of this macromolecule mutated, what happened? Well, it could be that a wave came over and slapped the macromolecular chain against the stones on the shore and slapped it into two sections. These two segments can still replicate themselves, but they are different from the original macromolecules. In this way, there are two macromolecules in the ocean that are capable of replicating themselves. A few more years passed, and the waves gave birth to another reproducible molecule. And this mutation not only occurs when it is photographed in two, but also some large molecules coincidentally stick together and become larger molecules. Within a few years, the oceans will be filled with countless species of macromolecules with the ability to reproduce. That's when more exciting changes are about to happen! ”

It's as if Downing was telling a compelling story, and all the scientists who could understand it were silent, for fear of missing any of his pronunciations.

Downing continued the lecture: "As time went on, the 'nutrients' in the ocean that could be used for reproduction were finally exhausted, and even if they were not used, they were very difficult to touch anyway. The pace of macromolecule evolution is not fixed on a certain day, but a major event - one day, a large group of macromolecules with reproductive ability was blown by the wind to a place where there is a special feature, for example, its water quality is acidic. Everyone knows that we have stomach acid in our stomach, which can digest food, that is, digest large molecules into small molecules. This is also the role of this water, the acidic ocean breaks down many, many macromolecules into small molecules, that is, kills the original macromolecules. At this time, there are some macromolecular structures that are different and can withstand acid, what will be the result? Haha, they're happy, because the other macromolecules are broken down, and they survive, and they have a source of nutrition that they can replicate themselves, and they happily reproduce their offspring.

These acid-resistant macromolecules are the lucky ones of nature's evolution, and some of them are not only acid-resistant, but also like to combine with acidic substances, and these are the lucky ones among the lucky ones. When acid-tolerant macromolecules drift to mundane seawater, they are left without food. At this time, acid-loving macromolecules can show their skills, they under certain conditions, well, it is daytime, as soon as the sea water becomes hot, they will spit out acid, melt other macromolecules, and then thrive.

In this way, the sons and grandchildren of acid-loving macromolecules have the upper hand again and spread all over the ocean. The competition for food is fierce again, in the acid-loving macromolecules, constantly differentiated, some not only like acid, but also can synthesize their own acid, at this time, acid has become their chemical weapon, can continue to generate in the body, used to kill other macromolecular organisms, the first predator in the ocean.

Speaking of this, everyone probably understands that these primitive creatures are the ancestors of the current qiē creatures, and they grew up in this way. Once the predator appears, it will be a wonderful drama in the history of biological evolution.

The ability to move will be another masterpiece of biological evolution, the original predators could only drift randomly with the ocean currents, and one day, a new magical mutation was born - primitive creatures have some flagella similar to jellyfish, flagella are constantly paddling, so that they actively move, this creature is significantly more viable, can spread its offspring to farther and more remote places.

The predator becomes stronger, but the prey does not remain the same, don't you be able to release acid? My brothers are all preyed upon, but I'm an acid-tolerant variant! In this way, the predator and predator will reach a kind of equilibrium, until one day, the predator produces stronger acid, the balance is broken, and one day, the predator can tolerate strong acid. （http：／／.）。 This competition for survival is constantly evolving, and the chemical confrontation of predators and predators is also getting stronger, acid is just one example, in fact there are countless chemical attack and defense mechanisms, every chemical that makes a macromolecule unstable is a knife and spear, and every chemical that makes a macromolecule more stable is a shield. The life-and-death competition eventually led to the emergence of a real shield and the birth of the cell! That wasn't enough, the competition continued to escalate, and one class of bacteria formed a hard cell wall that made it difficult for ordinary chemicals to break through its defenses. Of course, it's hard not to say that it can't, in short, predators and predators are always in a cycle of balance and imbalance.

I've finished talking about how microorganisms come out of inorganic matter, so let's feel it. ”

Surprisingly, about one-third of the scientists understood, and after Downing's speech came to an end, they burst into applause, some smiled, some were excited, some shook their heads in shock, and those who didn't understand immediately began to ask the scientists around them who seemed to understand. Everyone began to mumble.

In the end, after a heated discussion, everyone understood what Tang Ning had just said, and they were all excited and excited, of course, there were also a few conservative guys who suspected that a certain new earl was talking about a dream. No matter what, everyone was so excited that they forgot to eat, only ...... Duchess Sissi didn't understand the meaning of this hypothesis, and was eating the vegetables crunching alone, and suddenly saw that everyone was not eating, and when she realized that she didn't understand science, her pretty face turned red in an instant.