After Bessemer invented converter steelmaking, for a long time, people did not know why the same molten iron and the same method could be made into steel, and some were of poor quality. It was probably ten or twenty years before someone studied the pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info and it was a problem with the stove.

Impurities that should have been burned off, as a result, the smoke touched the furnace wall and was restored, which affected the quality of the steel. Bessemer uses the best iron, so there is no such problem. Many years later, Toms converter was invented, and he found that alkaline materials, such as mica, were used to make converters, and after the molten iron was injected, the same reaction would not allow the impurities that should have been burned off to be restored again. In this way, no matter what quality of iron is, it can be made into good steel.

Li Chen's history is not very good, and he is very embarrassed for history students. An undergraduate, he can't even figure out the history of the Tang Dynasty, Anshi just knew a rough idea before, and after Anshi, it was even worse. But I know a lot about these miscellaneous studies.

However, he couldn't tell the craftsmen why. Even, he doesn't even know what alkaline material is. He knew the acidity and alkalinity, but how to be sure, he didn't know much about it. However, this is not very important, just don't talk about it, and for students, he doesn't talk about it. To the craftsmen, you just give me this kind of use, ask so much what to do.

Today, he specially brought a group of students from a small school to teach outside the school, and let them see what ironmaking is all about. After seeing the steel, he took them to see the ironworks.

Li Chen's contribution to ironmaking, in addition to using coking coal to eliminate charcoal, is also the use of hydraulic blowers, the waterwheel gurgling and turning, driving the blower equipment, Li Chen pointed to those things, and introduced them to the primary school students.

That's a hydraulic blower, and the waterwheel rotates in a circle, and that's with a lever, which converts the circular motion into a straight line and repetitive motion, which you should have learned in class. ’

There's the regenerator, where the wind comes in, and the regenerator can slowly heat up the cold air into hot air, so that the fuel won't be affected by the cold air. ’

Finally, there's the stove. I saw several huge, straight-like things, some of which were flowing out of molten iron from below, and some were flowing out of the slag first. Some are feeding.

A brand new conveyor belt is rolling, feeding the pre-arranged ore, limestone, coke, and pig iron ore, from the top into the furnace mouth. In the past, this was obtained manually, but now it has been redesigned by Li Chen and used a conveyor belt.

Of course, the power source is the water wheel, and the workers only need to send the material to the conveyor belt according to the pre-arranged plan, and they no longer have to work hard, endure the high temperature, and carry the material to the furnace mouth. There is a risk in this, accidentally falling into the furnace, not one or two.

Li Chen explained to the primary school students, everyone seemed to know whether they knew how to nod, and Li Chen finally said, "We people, what can defeat other beasts is not sharp claws, not weak bodies, but we know how to unite and cooperate, and know how to use tools." The water wheel and the conveyor belt are not big things, but no one has ever thought about why this can't be used to replace labor, which is safe and stable. I tell you this today, not to make you admire me, but to let you understand that we should make good use of our greatest advantages. ’

This furnace is newly built, so students will be brought to visit. Li Chen has used a lot of new technologies here. If the test is no problem, it will become a template for the construction of Datang's ironworks in the future, which will allow Datang's iron production to reach a new height.

Today's visit, this is the end, the students have to go to class in the afternoon, basically, off-campus teaching is already a pioneering initiative, how can there be such a before, students only need to be in the classroom, listen to Mr. explain, go back to study, memorize, where to what off-campus teaching, but also visit the iron factory, is it to let students teach to be craftsmen?

Because there were too many people who objected, Li Chen didn't bother to explain, and he didn't want to get angry with them, so he simply used the emperor's right to directly set up regulations, saying how long students have to teach outside the school each semester.

He didn't want to explain to them, he didn't want to teach his students to just study, and he only thought about how to be an official. For that kind of thing, it is enough to have a national eunuch. Guozijian is tied with the other five prisons, and they all produce things.

He hopes to teach students to be useful people in society, such as farmers and businessmen. No one is born noble. And the profession, as long as it is legitimate, earns money with one's own labor, it is worthy of respect.

There is still a long way to go to turn this era of everything into equality. Even abroad, they don't have the concept of being an official by exam, and it is difficult for scholars to mix with craftsmen. Take the Industrial Revolution, for example.

It was almost not until the second half of the 19th century, with the rise of the second industrial revolution and the cooperation between industry and academia, that it began. A lot of production improvements, a lot of inventions, were made by skilled craftsmen. There are not many ways that we are familiar with the kind of laboratory research that we have to try to translate into actual results.

Usually scientists study them, craftsmen do their own, unrelated to each other. At about the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution, traditional craftsmen could no longer function and take responsibility for technological improvements, and many highly educated scientists devoted themselves to this activity.

Out of the iron factory, everyone shivered, the inside was hot, the outside was cold, this huge temperature difference made it difficult for people to adapt. But fortunately, they got used to it a little before they came out, and the weather changed suddenly, which was very hurtful.

Before Li Chen left, he was in a good mood with a smile on the corner of his mouth, but after coming into contact with the cold air, he was a little worried, not because he was uncomfortable with the cold wind, but because he had only recently considered a problem. It's nice to use water. The production of this steel, whether it is feeding, blowing, or turning the furnace, all rely on water power. However, the Wei River will freeze.

The ordnance superintendent, which was recently moved to the mountains, ran into this problem. The river has been frozen and has affected the operation of the waterwheel. Weihe will soon be like this. To make matters worse, once frozen, the waterwheels could be decorated. But this smelting of steel can't stop.

At present, the only way to find a way is to switch to livestock. Using the strength of livestock to replace the original work of the watermill will increase a lot in terms of cost and labor. But it can't be helped. In the future, we can only find a way to relocate the factory to the south of the Yangtze River, and only move to the south of the Qinling Mountains, otherwise this winter, it will be greatly affected. At this time, he wanted a steam engine, as long as he had it, he could replace water.

In addition to the relocation to Jiangnan, the latest incident is that the Ministry of Industry is busy, which is also related to this. With cement and steel production, Li Chen wants a dam.

Certainly not the kind of modern dam, that's too far away. The main thing is to set up a small dam on the mountain, which is specially used for military supervision. The water freezes, which means that the surface freezes.

By building a small dam, the production of ordnance can be stabilized, and there will be no ice under the water, and there will be no need to worry about the water wheel not being able to use it in winter. The fixed flow outlet can make the water wheel run stably and the speed is fixed.

In addition, there is a lot of significance in building this dam. In Li Chen's view, this was the Tang Dynasty's moon landing operation. In the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union was the first to launch satellites to stimulate the development of the American space industry. It has also led to the progress of many kinds of science and technology in disguise.

It is undeniable that if you build a small dam, you can build a large dam in the future, which can be regarded as providing a reference for the future dam. Dams have to be built, which is very damaging to the environment, but hydropower is the cleanest and cheapest source of power. Environmental issues should be left to future generations.

However, of course, Li Chen will also make a reminder in advance. Many problems can be avoided. For example, dams can accumulate sediment. That's the big question. Sediment accumulation will shorten the life of the reservoir. It will also cause the coastline to retreat.

The retreat of the coastline will affect the fishery resources along the coast, of course, there is nothing like later generations, such as the later generations, to set up scaffolding, oysters or kelp. However, the coastline will seriously erode the country's land in the future, and many places in future generations are still in the water. If we start to build dams now, it will not be possible to see that in hundreds of thousands of years, the land of Datang will not only not expand, but will also shrink.

This can be avoided, for example, by special design that allows the reservoir to drain sediment without frequent dredging. Of course, this method has to be very good in terms of engineering skills, so let's study it slowly.

In addition to power, there is also a source of water. The construction of a dam is also to prepare for the problem of coming from the supply of water. Only when there are dams can there be a stable source of water.

There is a lot to think about, in short, this dam, Li Chen built it, and then the Ministry of Industry had a big head. Of course Li Chen doesn't care, the bigger the head, the better, find something to do for these officials, don't think that you can still do anything clean and inactive as an official.

'Kill. In this cold weather, Li Chen took a group of children to keep warm. All strata of Chang'an have heated themselves in their own way. But there is such a group of people, who are not afraid of the cold wind, training in this cold weather.

I saw a group of small firefighters, sweating in this cold weather, each wearing armor, well-equipped, holding a spear, and training hard. Fight to thrust forward, thrust again.

'Drop the gun, change the knife.' After the bayonet training, he gave an order, dropped the spear in his hand, neatly pulled out his waist knife, and began to train the knife.

The others reacted quickly, threw down their spears, and immediately drew their knives and drew their knives. Chopping, chopping, hanging, stabbing, teasing, a few knives have basic movements, in their hands, they can be used freely.

They trained tirelessly over and over again, and finally, Xiaohu shouted, 'Put away the knife.' The knife groaned and the knife was retracted. Then he picked up the spear again, stood upright, and then Xiaohu shouted, disbanded, and everyone dispersed in a hurry. It's time to eat. (To be continued.) )