It's quite long, and those who are willing to watch it all, and those who don't want to see it look at the penultimate paragraph, you can see that the monk is engaged in indigo in southern Gansu, and it is by no means made out of nothing.

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[Excerpt from "Economic History of the Ming Dynasty": The Reform of the Land Annexation and Enslavement System in the Middle Ming Dynasty]

The emergence of displaced people is the result of a combination of factors. Backward production methods and frequent natural disasters have caused poverty and weakness among the people. The world is endowed with cross-currents, forced labor is like a mountain, the income of the land is not enough to slow down the pursuit of the government, the horse is trapped in the responsibility of the horse, the frying salt is trapped in the indemnity, the near palace is trapped in the invasion, the close relatives are trapped in the wanton, the land is the hole, only the harm should be done, and the local products and contributions are harmful. As a result, the scale of the Ming Dynasty refugees became larger and larger. The composition of displaced people is complex, which determines that their flow direction and existence form are different, so the social impact is more profound and long-lasting than that of previous generations. We look at this issue in terms of the occupations and geographical movements of the displaced people.

Analysis of the occupational flow of displaced people: after fleeing, the displaced people turned to death in the ravine, struggled, wandered in a foreign land, or a large household budding shade, and invested in the wealthy officials and citizens for their family tenants to manage their finances; or the monks are lured to become their tenants; Some of them flowed into the towns, and were impersonated by the wealthy craftsmen, and turned from the children to specialize in selling and selling mermaids. In addition, some of them were turned into military camps for military prisoners or were hidden by cantonment camps; Of course, there are also boats that float and even go to sea to make a living.

But there is one thing in common, that is, getting rid of personal attachment to the state and becoming relatively independent people. This was undoubtedly very beneficial to the development of commodity agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce, but for the feudal rulers, the flight of the displaced people affected the regular affairs of the imperial court at a small level, and destroyed the economic foundation and military frontier defense of the regime at a large scale.

On the one hand, the flight of the peasants made the land barren, and the families of the annexation took advantage of the time to exile the people's land, and the land annexation became more and more intense, and the land controlled by the state became less and less. On the other hand, the flight of the population has increased the burden on the households that have not fled, because it is difficult to manage the grain storage, so the escape of Ding affects the households, and the escape of the households affects the households, and the people have to flee as much as they can. As we know, the feudal state system of enslavement was based on strict population and land control, and the flight of the common people made the collection of state enslavement difficult. The flight of military households directly threatens the stability of the frontier. As for the flight of craftsmen and stoves, it also exacerbated the financial crisis of the Ming government to a certain extent. Moreover, due to the lack of means of production and the extremely difficult life of the displaced people, there are many examples of reckless and uncovered, the society is even more turbulent, the feudal ruling order has been seriously impacted, and the displaced people have become the heart of the Ming Dynasty.

Under these circumstances, the Ming government had to take various measures to stop the development of displaced people. In the first year of orthodoxy, the Ming government made the "Book of Escape Households", verified their grain, sent it to the governor, and whether they were repatriated to their original place or attached to the locality, they were all required to pay taxes and serve, trying to reintegrate the displaced people into the feudal political and economic order. In the second year of orthodoxy, the "Decree on the Survey of Displaced People" was promulgated, so that the survey and the compilation of armor were mutually guaranteed, and they were under the jurisdiction of the governor of the district. In the fourth year of orthodoxy, in Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Huguang and other provinces where there were many displaced people, two officials were added to Fu Minzuo, and those who returned to their own countries were given cattle, seeds, and rations. In the fifth year of orthodoxy, he adopted the suggestion of Governor Yu Qian and ordered the tax on the resumption of business, and in the second year of Jingtai, he applied for the ban on changing households.

However, these coercive measures have not solved the fundamental problem of displaced people, and can only be regarded as a stopgap measure. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, because of frequent disasters and disorderly urging, after several years of recklessness, the number of displaced people still increased unabated, and even caused a large-scale uprising of displaced people, which seriously shook the ruling foundation of the Ming Dynasty.

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In terms of the geographical flow of displaced people, the main trend is from narrow townships with few land and many people to wide townships with sparsely populated areas. outflow from the abdomen to the plug; from barren areas to fertile areas; From the plains where the rents are heavier to the mountains where the rents are lighter or there are no rents. The geographical movement of the population is of positive economic significance. It can relieve the population pressure in the abdomen and plains, and promote the development of frontier and mountainous areas.

In particular, a significant number of displaced people have found a means of livelihood outside the land, which will have a profound impact on the local socio-economic structure. In particular, the migration of displaced people to mountainous areas and the exploitation of mountainous areas deserve special study.

The concentration of displaced people in the mountainous areas is attributed to the sparse population and weak ruling power in the mountainous areas, that is, the so-called arable land and the convenience of firewood and grass, which are neither sufficient nor poor. Taking Jingxiang Mountain District as an example, in the seven years of Chenghua, more than 938,000 displaced people have gathered, making it the largest displaced population settlement in the country. The mountainous areas of southern Jiangxi and the mountainous areas of Fujian and Zhejiang are also favored by displaced people.

The migration of displaced people to the mountains has strengthened the connection between the mountains and the outside world. The mountainous areas are closed to traffic, late development, sparsely populated, and economically backward. After the migration of migrants, the population density in the mountainous areas increased significantly, and the population distribution extended from the river valley basin to the mountainous areas, and from the lower altitude areas to the higher areas, which provided relatively rich human resources for the economic development of the mountainous areas. For example, the Jingxiangliu democracy came from the north and south of Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Huguang and other places, while the southern Jiangxi refugees were mostly bankrupt people from the Jiangxi Plain, Fujian, and northern Guangdong. In addition, in order to strengthen the management and control of the displaced people, the feudal government added administrative divisions and built roads in its settlement areas. The Ruming government once added Yunyang and Zhuxi and other seven counties in Jingxiang area. With Yunyang as the center, three post roads were opened to Xi'an, Nanyang and Hanzhong, which objectively also strengthened the connection between the mountainous area and the outside world.

The convergence of displaced people has accelerated the comprehensive development of mountainous areas. After the displaced people entered the mountains, they either gathered together to farm, or they lived alone, or they depended on the indigenous people to act as tenants. They worked hard to open up wasteland, doubling the area of reclamation in mountainous areas, and Xunxi alone has opened up more than 14,300 hectares of cultivated land in the 13th year of Chenghua. The increase in cultivated land area promoted the development of grain crops, and the grain yield in the Yexunxi area in the middle of the Ming Dynasty was better than that of Xunyang and Shanyang Zhuyi. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, here is already in the mountain dock, facing each other in the house, along the stream of rice furrows, high and low scales, not like the mountains and Shaanxi.

After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the economy of Huguang rose rapidly, and it became an important national food supply center for Huguang and the whole world, and the important reason for this was the influx of a large number of displaced people. The in-depth development of mountainous areas has not only changed the local planting structure, but also promoted the development of diversified operations in mountainous areas. Relying on the abundant mineral resources, forests and other wild plant resources in the mountainous areas, the displaced people have successively opened up tea gardens according to local conditions, planted cash crops such as lacquer, tung oil, and indigo, collected and cultivated fungi and medicinal materials, and some developed them from sub-mining. Since the Chenghua period in the mountainous area of Hanzhong, people from various provinces have fled and gathered to plant a large number of tea plants... The household registration is getting more and more complicated, and the tea garden is increasing in a few places.

The displaced people in the southern Ganshan area carried grain stones, cut down trees, planted indigo, planted cedars, burned charcoal, etc., where they were. In particular, the cultivation of indigo was spread to Taihe County from Minting during the Hongzhi period of Chenghua, and was promoted to the southern Jiangxi region after Zhengde, and then until the end of the Ming Dynasty, the area became the main production base of indigo.

As for the mining production, it is also very developed, and when it was orthodox, Ye Zong, a native of Qingyuan, Zhejiang, stayed in the mountainous areas of Zhejiang and Fujian to recruit displaced people to open mines, and the officials could not ban it. The Jingxiang refugees also gathered by stealing mines, and the officials who patrolled the mines did not dare anyone. Guangdong Shaohui area of the ownerless Guanshan produced iron ore, the first year of the festival by the local shooting traitors of the mountain main mine owner name, attracting Fujian Shanghang and other counties of the unregistered wanderers, every year on the occasion of the autumn harvest, gather hundreds of thousands of murderers, cross the border to distribute the mountains and hills to create a liao to live in the village, each mountain furnace, less than five or six, more than one or twenty, each furnace gathered two or three hundred people, in the mountain mining, fanning iron for profit.

The increase in the number of displaced people and the emergence of new economic activities have led to the development of handicrafts and commerce in mountainous areas. The number of people engaged in the reprocessing and trafficking of agricultural and sideline products such as lacquer, tea, tung oil, and medicinal materials has gradually increased, and industrial and commercial towns have appeared sporadically at the junction of mountains and plains.