About yield per mu:

In the Han Dynasty, the mu yield of millet was 3 stones, which was equivalent to 281 catties per mu of the current city system; In the Han Dynasty, the average yield per mu of millet and beans was 2.82 stones, which was equivalent to 264 catties per mu in today's city. The high-yield fields of the Han Dynasty can generally reach "ten stones per mu" or "the field of mu Zhong".

About Weights and Measures:

Length:

1 citation = 10 zhang, 1 zhang = 10 feet, 1 foot = 10 inches, 1 inch = 10 points;

1 mile = 300 steps, 1 step = 6 feet

1 citation = 2310 cm, 1 zhang = 231 cm, 1 ruler = 23.1 cm, 1 inch = 2.31 cm, 1 point = 0.231 cm

1 li = 416.1 meters, 1 step = 138.7 centimeters

Weight:

1 stone = 4 jun, 1 jun = 30 catties, 1 jin = 16 taels, 1 tael = 24 baht

1 stone = 30,000 grams, 1 jun = 7,500 grams, 1 jin = 250 grams, 1 tael = 15.6 grams, 1 baht = 0.65 grams

Volume:

1 Hu (stone) = 10 buckets, 1 bucket = 10 liters, 1 liter = 10 he

1 together = 2 pinches, 1 pinch = 5 pinch, 1 pinch = 4 gui

1 Hu = 20,000 ml, 1 bucket = 2,000 ml, 1 liter = 200 ml, 1 in = 20 ml,

1 pinch = 10 ml, 1 pinch = 2 ml, 1 gui = 0.5 ml

1 stone millet = 18 kg, 1 stone wheat = 20 kg, 1 stone rice = 15 kg, one stone bean = 20 kg

The processing rate of coarse rice is 0.6, and that of milled rice is 0.5

Area:

1 small mu = 100 steps = 192.318 square meters = 0.417 large mu = 0.288 city mu

1 large mu = 240 steps = 461.564 square meters = 2.4 small acres = 0.692 municipal acres

1 city mu = 666.667㎡ = 1.445 large mu = 3.46 small mu

Sixth, on prices

The price of goods in the Han Dynasty changed greatly, especially the price of grain, and the current known price of stone grain was 30 yuan, 60 yuan, 110 yuan, 500 yuan, etc., sometimes tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of yuan. This book uses a price list that is more popular on the Internet, which can be regarded as the initial value.

Noble metal:

Gold one catty = 6500 ~ 15000 money (the national price is 10000 money)

One pound of silver = 2000 ~ 3500 money

Fields and Houses:

Plastered fertile land = mu / 1~1·20,000 yuan

Medium land = mu / 1000 ~ 4000 money

Border plugs, deserts, barren land = mu / 100 ~ 300 money

Deluxe = seat/million dollars or more

Better house = seat / 4~170,000 yuan

Ordinary house = seat / 1~30,000 yuan

Inferior house = seat / 3000 ~ 5000 money

Food:

Staple food:

1 stone = 1 dendney

Liang rice (fine millet) = stone / about 400 money

Millet (yellow rice) = stone / about 300 gold

Barley = stone / about 220 gold

Corn (millet) = stone / around 220 gold

Valley = stone / about 220 money

Tempeh = stone / around 500 gold

10 catties of meat ≈ 1 stone valley (the price of 10 catties of meat combined with 1 stone valley is recorded)

Non-staple food:

Alcohol = bucket / 50 money

Rice wine = bucket / 30 money

Wine = bucket / 10 money

= book/30~50 money

Beef = catty / 20 money

Pig and mutton = catty / 14~16 money

Salt = stone / 800 money

1 person goes to a restaurant for a light meal = 30 yuan

Livestock:

Ploughing horses, chariots and horses = horses / 8000 ~ 20000 money

War horse = horse/2~100,000 money

Good horse = horse/200,000 or more

Cattle = head / 4000 ~ 8000 money

Pig = head / 600 ~ 1800 money

Sheep = only / 300 ~ 500 money

Hip dogs, fighting dogs = only / 1~300,000 yuan

Military dogs, hunting dogs = only / 1200 ~ 2000 money

Ordinary dogs (meat consumption) = only / 200 ~ 240 money

Clothing:

Material Price:

There are several kinds of fabrics, such as cloth, silk, silk, plain, and practice. Cloth is a linen fabric, which is the cheapest raw material for Han people's clothing. Silk is an ordinary silk fabric, and its price is slightly more expensive than cloth. Silk is silk, which is a fine and colorful silk, and its price is expensive, which is no longer worn by ordinary people. The white of the silk is more expensive than the silk. Practice is a precious variety of silk, and it is the most expensive in the cloth. 1 piece of cloth 2 feet 2 inches wide (51. 5 cm), 4 zhang long (9. 36 meters).

linen = horse/250~600 money;

Silk silk = horse/700~1000 money;

缣 (silk) = horse/1200~1400 money

Vegetarian (white silk) = horse/1400~1600 money;

Lian (fine silk) = horse/2000~2800 money

Garment Price:

cloth clothes = pieces / 200 ~ 500 money;

Single clothes = pieces / 350 ~ 700 money

Raid (short jacket) = piece/450 money;

Cloth robe = piece / 380 ~ 400 money

brocade robe = piece / 1800 ~ 2500 money;

Hakama (pants) = pieces / 500 ~ 1100 money;

Bast shoes = pair/30~40 money

Socks = double/15~25 money;

Silk, silk, fur sweater = piece/2000~6000 money

Utensils:

Weapons:

100 steel knives = 9000 ~ 15000 money

Fifty steel-making swords = one / 7000 ~ 10000 money

Military sword = / 700 ~ 900 money

Military knives = / 660 ~ 800 money

Bow = put / 500 ~ 600 money

Crossbow = put /2000~20000 money

Bow and arrow = branch/10 money

Crossbow bolt = branch/9 gold

Armor = set / 6800 ~ 8200 money

Vest = set / 7100 ~ 8600 money

Tool:

Craftsman's knife = / 200 ~ 300 money

Firewood knife, kitchen knife = / 40 ~ 100 money

Bronze = Jin / 60 ~ 80 money

Iron = Jin / 16 ~ 25 money

Tile bowl = pcs/70~100 money

Simple oxen, horse-drawn carriage = car/2600~4000 money

Cars = 1~20,000 yuan

Other:

Grass gourd, pu gourd = Zhang/150 money

Hemp = Jin / 10 money

刍 = bundle / 3 — 6 money

Manuscript = bundle / 2 — 4 money

Coffin = mouth / 1500 ~ 3000 money

Divination cost = times / about 100 money

Slave Price:

Beautiful maid, strong slave = person / 2~30,000 money

Ordinary slaves and maids = people / 1~20,000 yuan

Salary:

Personal helper's salary = person-month / 200~400 money (including food)

Personal helper's salary = per person-month/400~800 money (excluding food)

Government wages = person-months / 2,000 dollars

Different times, different regions, different types of work, and different ages and physiques of the helpers will affect the wages, so there is a big gap between the wages in the Chinese and the literature.

Wedding Expenses:

The emperor married the empress with the largest dowry, generally 20,000 catties of gold, equivalent to 20,000 yuan in currency; The bride price of the emperor to marry a concubine is about 40 million yuan, which is one-fifth of the bride price for marrying the empress; The bride price of the princes and kings marrying the queen varies, generally millions of dollars; The princess's dowry can reach millions or even tens of millions, and the less will not be less than two or three hundred thousand.

As far as high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen are concerned, the amount of their dowry is lower than that of members of the imperial family, such as Dong Zhuo marrying a wife, hiring a chariot for 100 rides, "20 horses, and slaves and maids to fill the road", which is equivalent to more than 1.6 million yuan in currency, which is a special case. In general, the bride price of a male member to marry a wife is between hundreds of thousands and millions of dollars; The dowry of the average female member is mostly two or three hundred thousand yuan, and the highest can be several million yuan.

As far as small and medium-sized landlords and small and medium-sized officials are concerned, the amount of their retainer is lower than that of high-ranking officials and wealthy businessmen. Dongfang Shuo's bride price for marrying a wife is about 100,000 yuan, which should be the upper limit of the bride price for small and medium-sized landlords and small and medium-sized officials; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Shi Zhanyun's bride price for marrying a wife was 20,000 or 30,000 yuan, which should be the lower limit of the bride price for small and medium-sized landlords and small and medium-sized officials. The dowry of the average female member is worth about 20,000 or 30,000 yuan.

In the case of small farmers, small craftsmen and civilians, their household assets range from tens of thousands to more than 100,000 yuan. In general, the amount of the bride price of a male member will not exceed the total amount of his family assets, and it should be between more than 10,000 and tens of thousands of dollars. The dowry of an average female member is worth about 2,000 yuan.

Cost of Wedding Reception:

The price of wine in the Han Dynasty was generally about 30 yuan per bucket, and people in the Han Dynasty could generally drink one bucket to several buckets, and there were many people who went to the stone. If there are 20 guests on the wedding day, you will have to spend more than 2,000 yuan on alcohol alone. The price of meat in the Han Dynasty was generally more than 10 yuan a catty, and if the wedding banquet used 50 catties of meat, it would cost 7 or 800 yuan. Add in the cost of food consumption, and the cost of the wedding banquet will definitely exceed four or five thousand dollars

Military

Each soldier's food consumption = 1.8 stones/month, 21.6 stones/year, or 4,220 yuan/year;

Salt consumption per soldier = 3 liters/month, 3.6 buckets/year, or 144 money/year.

Clothing per soldier = 3,400 money/year

Each soldier lives on about 8,000 yuan a year

The grain consumption of each war horse = 3.3 stones/month, 39.6 stones/year, or 7920 yuan/year.

(Regarding the cavalry, there is another theory: an average of one person and one horse consumes 17 grains per month, 0.1385 grains of salt, and 25 stones of cocoons.) 1 Hu = 1 stone = about 40 catties. Therefore, calculating the grain, one person plus one horse consumes about 23 catties per day (will it be two horses, I am very confused), so some people say that the consumption of cavalry in one month is equal to the consumption of infantry in one year. However, I searched on the Internet for the breeding of military horses in our army, and there are two data, one is the horses in the barracks, which require 7 catties of grass and 5 catties of material per day; The other is the situation of our army's cavalry regiment during the Anti-Japanese War written by someone, saying that military horses have 8 catties of coarse grain and 12 catties of forage every day. According to these two data, the previous war horse consumed 3.3 stones of grain per month, and it was more than 4 catties per day, which was reasonable)

Funeral expenses = person / 3400 money

General's pension = person / 10~600,000 yuan

7. About the amount of food

Sima Yi heard that Zhu Ge Liang was counting liters of rice a day, and he was busy from morning to night, so he concluded that Zhuge was sick and would not live long. What is the concept of liter? It usually refers to two three liters, which is equivalent to about 0.8 catties to 1.2 catties. That is to say, when Zhuge Liang was seriously ill, he ate about a pound of rice every day.

"Hanshu Food and Goods Chronicle" says that one person is 1 and a half stone per month, and five people are 90 stone per year. The stone here should be calculated according to the capacity unit, that is, 40 catties per stone, so a person eats 1.5X40=60 catties in a month, which is also two catties of rice a day.

Then, Zhuge Liang's pound of rice a day is only half of that of a normal person, and there must be something wrong with his health. No wonder Sima Yi concluded that Zhuge Liang would not live long.

In the 30s of the 20th century, the data on China's grain consumption showed that the daily grain consumption of each adult man was as low as 1,340 calories and as high as 5,357 calories (about 0.394 kilograms and 1.576 kilograms of grain based on 3,400 calories per kilogram). Peasants in various localities "eat grain all the time, which is only enough to maintain the minimum survival", and it is inevitable that "bran vegetables will be eaten for half a year". In November, after the disaster, food for the victims was "reduced by one-third" compared with usual.

In addition, whether it is floods, droughts, or other natural disasters, although they often cause the yield of rice, wheat and miscellaneous grains to be reduced or destroyed, they often promote the growth and reproduction of wild animals and plants that can adapt to such changed climatic and ecological conditions, thus leaving a room for maneuver for farmers under the heavy pressure of disasters. The "Hunan Rural Geography Reference Book" printed in the second year of Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty has summarized the relationship between floods and fisheries in the two lakes and lake areas as follows: "The lakeside water overflows and the crops fail, and the fish and shrimp gather; If the flood and drought do not invade, the year and valley will be smooth, and the fish will be scarce" (Note: quoted from Mei Li, Zhang Guoxiong, et al., "Exploring the Source of the Development of the Two Lakes Plain", Jiangxi Education Press, 1995 edition, p. 203). ）。 Therefore, after the great floods, the peasants "either collected calluses, reeds, water chestnuts, and lotus roots to make a living", and "collected fish, shrimp, turtles, and turtles for food".

In this way, environmental changes and changes in interests and disadvantages have enabled a large number of people to continue to survive.

Perhaps, the reason why the displaced people in the Han Dynasty "flowed" was to "flow" in order to eat in the wild and chase food. In addition, there were many tigers in the Han Dynasty, and it was quite dangerous to eat in the wild. Wild food is exhausted, and cannibalism is inevitable.

Everything, just to live.