"Actually, not only here, but also in our factory, there are a lot of German workers." Li Zhuchen said, "Our workers can also learn a lot by working with them. ”

"It was also the minister's idea to let foreign workers work and teach at the same time." Fan Xudong smiled and nodded, "He seems to have started doing this a long time ago, and the beneficiaries are not our 'permanent yellow' family." ”

"Let's go to the staff elementary school." Fan Xudong said, "I heard that there is a chemistry class for the dolls now? ”

"It's not a chemistry class, and the kids are too young to stuff them with too much." Li Zhuchen said with a smile, "It's just some courses to improve children's interest in learning chemistry, so that they can have a general impression first." ”

"Let's go, let's go and hear it too." Fan Xudong said with a smile, and walked with Li Zhuchen to the staff campus area in the distance.

When the two arrived at a classroom, a young female teacher with short hair was flipping through a colorful picture book hanging on a blackboard while explaining to the children.

“…… You must know that in the animal world, there are many cute animals, and there are also 'chemical weapons'. ”

"It's not just our human wars that have chemical warfare, but also chemical warfare in the animal kingdom. Many animals possess 'chemical weapons' such as venom, anesthetic, corrosive, and binder fluids, and often engage in life-and-death struggles. ”

"It is generally familiar that poisonous snakes, poisonous scorpions, poisonous frogs, poisonous spiders, etc. can secrete venom as a weapon for attack or defense. The venom they secrete generally contains two types: nerve poison and blood poison. The first acts on the opponent's central nervous system, causing its heart to stop, while the latter passes through the opponent's circulatory system to destroy its tissues and eventually kill it. For example, in Africa, there is a poisonous bee, once the queen bee finds a target that can be attacked, she will emit a chemical with a special smell and order the whole army to fight back, even tigers and lions cannot escape their lives. There is also a wasp whose venom contains 'alarm pheromones' that can be transmitted to the colony in the nest through the air. If someone kills a wasp, it can provoke the wasps in the nest 5 meters away, and sometimes a few wasps can kill people who are allergic to bee venom. ”

"It's a fart bug (the children laughed), it's a runner and a good at making and using chemical weapons. When he is attacked, he can immediately let the chemicals secreted by the glands in his body enter the 'combustion chamber' in his body, and carry out a chemical reaction to produce hot corrosive fluid, and there is a rotating 'turret' at the tip of his abdomen, which can accurately spray the corrosive liquid on the pursuer, and at the same time make a startling clicking sound that makes the pursuer flee in a hurry. ”

"Many students should be familiar with this animal - yes, the students are right, it is called a weasel, commonly known as 'yellow skin', the weasel has a strange smell of butyl mercaptan stored in its body, when it encounters an enemy attack, it releases a fart containing butyl mercaptan, the enemy can not parry, it takes the opportunity to escape."

"Black-tailed deer like this often release fragrance to confuse their opponents when they encounter predators."

"Don't underestimate these little butterflies, they also have chemical weapons. This is the swallowtail butterfly, which can use chemical weapons to carry out collective defense. It has a pair of bright red or orange antennae located immediately behind the head. Under normal circumstances, the antennae hide in the sac and when attacked, they suddenly extend and emit a very foul-smelling fatty acid secretion. When a group of swallowtail butterflies fly together, as long as one of them is scratched on the periphery, the colony will spray at the same time, forming a circle of chemical smoke around it, which can resist the attacker more easily. ”

"It's a termite, and although it's not big, it has a variety of chemical defenses. One of them is called injection, in which an opponent is bitten and injected with toxin or anticoagulant oil to the wound to poison or bleed to death. This is the method used by large termites or army termites. The second is the poison brushing method, which uses the 'paint brush' evolved from its upper lip to brush the oily venom on the opponent's body, so that it cannot get out of the poison and die. The third is the glue spraying method, which is similar to pine resin and contains binders, irritants and venoms, and the opponent cannot move after sticking to the glue, so he has to wait for death. ”

"The manufacture and use of chemical weapons requires the consumption of energy. In order to 'save money', some animals simply rely on stealing the fruits of other animals and plants to arm themselves. For example, if the birch butterfly caterpillar eats a milkweed plant, it will accumulate poison in its body, thus protecting it from being eaten by predators from the time it grows until it emerges into a butterfly. ”

"Leaders of animals such as monkeys and wild boars can emit a smell that makes other male animals surrender, and as long as they smell this smell, they will immediately obey and stick to each other even if they don't meet, and they don't dare to 'talk nonsense.'"

"This animal is called the mink bear, and when it finds a small animal, it immediately urinates, and uses urine to draw a large circle on the ground, and the animal in the trap is like being caught in an evil law, and it is difficult to escape from the 'forbidden circle' with all its might. What's even more surprising is that when the mink bear preys on small animals in the enclosure, the fierce leopards and wolves outside the enclosure dare not step into the 'forbidden circle' to compete. The smell of mink bear's urine makes some animals dizzy and startled. ”

"Some animals have sprays that contain formic acid in concentrations as high as 20 percent. There is also a cockroach that can spray tear gas. There are some moths, beetles, and millipedes that have the ability to produce hydrogen cyanide, a highly toxic substance, and some insects will spray ketones, phenols and other stimulating substances for self-defense. ”

"Among the fish of the ocean, the octopus can spew ink when attacked, and the squid can spew light liquid, so as to confuse predators, and they themselves take the opportunity to escape. These also fall under the category of chemical defense. The most interesting thing is that because fish have an extremely sensitive sense of smell, some a thousand times stronger than that of hunting dogs, it is easy to sniff out smells that they fear or loathe. ”

"This is a sea snail that lives in the depths of the ocean, and it can spit out a mixture of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, not to mention animal body, which can be smoked and vaporized even if it drops on rocks. Therefore, marine animals including whales, sharks, and crocodiles do not dare to mess with sea snails. ”

"Like this pufferfish, its internal organs are highly poisonous, and it can also excrete highly poisonous eggs. The poison of puffer fish poison is 120 times greater than that of the chemical drug sodium cyanide. If other animals in the sea swallow it or its eggs, they will quickly become numb and die. So everyone should be careful not to eat puffer fish. ”

"Like this little flounder, it can also excrete a milky white liquid with a strong poisonous name. Although the shark is extremely ferocious, as soon as it is touched by this liquid, its mouth immediately stiffens as if it has been enchanted, and it becomes a veritable paper tiger......"

Listening to this interesting chemistry enlightenment class, Fan Xudong and Li Zhuchen couldn't help but smile at each other, they didn't disturb the teachers and students in the classroom, but left quietly.

At about the same time, a lecture on chemical weapons was being held in a large classroom at Tianjin University, but the content was very different from what was taught in the "permanent yellow" staff primary school.

“…… The use of chemical poisons in warfare dates back to ancient times, but chemical weapons in the true sense of the word appeared at the beginning of this century. Chemical weapons are weapons of mass destruction, unlike ordinary conventional weapons. It has the characteristics of being highly poisonous, air flowing, and many poisoning routes, as well as huge lethal power, and has special military value. Therefore, from the moment it was born, it was constantly used in war, and it formed an indissoluble bond with war. At the end of the European war, the battlefield was filled with the shadow of chemical weapons almost everywhere and played a large role in the war. ”

"As we all know, chemical weapons are regarded as evil and inhumane weapons, which have always been banned by the international community, and no less than 10 relevant conventions have been enacted. However, in order to achieve the goals of a war or campaign, one or both sides of the war often take risks in disregard of the condemnation of world public opinion. ”

"Although there is an international convention prohibiting the use of chemical weapons, are chemical weapons completely destroyed and withdrawn from the arena of war? Or does it continue to develop and are still used in war? It's hard to say yet, we'll just have to wait and see. We fervently hope for a world free of chemical weapons, but at the same time, we should not let our guard down, but we should step up our preparedness. ”

"Because of the special surname of chemical weapons themselves, and the strong technical surname, people may not know much about it. Starting today, I will systematically introduce the process of the creation, development, and gradual maturity of chemical weapons, describe the types of chemical weapons, their capabilities, and their use in wars, and make predictions about the future development trend of chemical weapons, in an effort to enable everyone to have a comprehensive and true understanding of chemical weapons. ”

"Let me start with the origin of chemical weapons."

"The almighty and generous nature has given wisdom to mankind, which has enabled mankind to accept the enlightenment of countless civilizations and progress, and to create many splendid cultures, and mankind has been able to continue and develop, but at the same time, mankind has also received many evil enlightenments, creating wars, killing each other, and putting mankind on the verge of destruction."

"Weapons are indispensable tools of war, war is developing, killing weapons are also constantly evolving, once upon a time, in the complex weapon family was born a kind of moving with the wind, killing invisible 'poison demon', this is chemical weapons."

"Chemical weapons are weapons that use various poisons to poison people and other living beings in different ways to carry out mass destruction. To put it bluntly, it is to attack the enemy with poison. In fact, it has been used in ancient wars for a long time, and human beings have been using toxic substances for a long time. ”

"Humans originally used poisonous substances to make a living, and thousands of years ago, humans attacked wild beasts with smoke from burning undried wood and wet grass, relying on the stimulating effect of the smoke to smoke out the beasts that escaped in deep caves and caves, and then hunted them for food. Later, people used this method of attacking wild beasts in the battle between the two armies. ”

"In the ancient times of our country, in order to compete for the land of the Central Plains, there was a great contest between civilization and barbarism. Symbolizing the civilization of the southern Yan, the Yellow Tribal Alliance and the representative of the barbaric north of the Chiyou tribe after years of conquest, and finally in the Zhuolu field carried out a vigorous Armageddon, just as the two sides tore apart inseparable, Chiyou spread up the fog, the Yellow Emperor's sergeants were all fascinated, suddenly the formation was in chaos, heavy casualties, fortunately the Yellow Emperor sat in the guide car to point out the direction, only to save the defeat. This is perhaps the earliest recorded 'poison gas warfare' in human history. ”

In 559 BC, 13 kingdoms, including Jin, Qi, Lu, and Song, formed a powerful united army to jointly crusade against the Qin state and defeat the Qin army. In order to reverse the unfavorable situation, the Qin army put poison in the upper reaches of the Jinghe River and polluted the water source, causing a large number of people and horses to be poisoned by drinking the river water and forced to retreat. ”

Another example is that in 225 AD, Zhuge Liang led the Shu army to the south, seven verticals and seven captures, completely subdued the southern tribal leader Meng Shu, and achieved a major victory. Among them, in the process of crossing the Jinsha River by the second capture of Meng Shu, the sergeants saw that the water was shallow, jumped into the water from the bamboo raft, and as a result, they fell down one after another, bleeding from their mouths and noses and died. Later, I asked the locals about it, and I learned that it was caused by the decay of the leaves of the primeval forest, and the miasma evaporated from the high temperature and humidity in Yunnan in May and June, and the river water was seriously polluted. The other side also uses this natural condition as a defense against the enemy. ”

"In order to increase the lethal power of poison, in 1000 AD, a man named Tang Fu presented the poison cigarette balls he made to the imperial court. The poison smoke ball is a bit like a rudimentary poison bomb, the ball is filled with poisons such as arsenic and croton, and after burning, the smoke fills the air, which can poison the enemy and weaken the combat effectiveness. In the "General Essentials of the Wujing" at the beginning of the Song Dynasty, this weapon was not only described, but also the formula at that time was recorded: its gunpowder composition was 30 taels of flame nitrate, 15 taels of sulfur, and 5 taels of charcoal; The other ingredients are 10 kinds of croton, arsenic, wolf venom, tung oil, asphalt, yellow wax, and bamboo ru. ”

"When it came to Liaojin, in order to attack the enemy behind the high wall, some people came up with a method of filling an iron can, burning it with poisonous fuel, and then throwing it at the enemy, forcing the defenders to surrender."

"In the West, in ancient Greece around 600 BC, the Spartans pioneered the 'Greek fire' in their war with the Athenians. For example, in 431 and 404 B.C., during the battle of Paloubonia, they burned wood chips mixed with sulfur and asphalt under the Athenian-occupied cities of Plata and Daicai, and the strong poisonous smoke with a pungent smell wafted into the city, causing the defenders to suffer greatly, but there was nothing they could do. In 428 B.C., when attacking the city of Peradui, they used the same method, outside the city walls, on the side of the wind, piled up huge piles of branches as high as the city walls, poured a lot of asphalt and brimstone, and set them on fire, and the fierce flames, thick smoke, and suffocating gases blew into the city. The defenders of the city panicked and the people were in turmoil. Unexpectedly, the wind suddenly changed, thunderstorms were blowing, and the Spartans could not attack, so they had to retreat, and the city of Pladui was saved. Four years later, the Spartans returned, using the same method, blowing smoke out when the wind was favorable, and the result was a great victory, expelling the Athenians from the city and capturing the place. This is the earliest record of the use of poison gas by the 'blowing method'. ”

"In 660 A.D., the Eastern Roman Empire modified 'Greek fire' by making an flammable liquid from oil, asphalt, resin, and sulfur, which was impregnated in twigs or flax and thrown into metal barrels or ejected from pipes. During the battle, this metal utensil filled with liquid was set on fire and thrown into the enemy with a trebuchet, causing a diffuse burning, suffocating effect, and weakening the enemy's strength. Until the time of the Crusades, the weapon was still powerful. Later, this method of warfare was gradually introduced to various parts of the West. 400 years later, the Tara used this method against St. Louis's soldiers in Egypt. In addition, it was used in the American Civil War. At the end of the 16th century, the pagan inquisitors of the French crown princess used suffocating smoke against the caves of the Eugenist. ”

"After the 16th century, people began to consciously develop this kind of poisonous smoke that can defeat the enemy without blood, and make it constantly standardized, and become a real weapon often used by troops on the battlefield. Around 1570, the Austrian knight Fayd? Villefort? Von Senftenberg suggested that arsenic smoke bombs be used in the battle against the Turks. After this kind of bomb is put into the enemy's barracks, the arsenic vapor produced when it burns can poison the enemy in the barracks. Around 1600, in the book "Abridgement of the Secret Recipe" written by the famous physician and natural scientist Fialajinti, it is recorded that an oil obtained by distillation of sulfur, turpentine, human dung, human blood, etc., has a strong smell, and if it is thrown into the fortress, no one can stay in it. ”

"In 1654, Da Tiro, a native of Milan, invented a gunpowder similar to a cloud of poisonous smoke, which was ignited and emitted an abominable smoke and a harmful stench, so that the attackers could not participate in the battle and even died. The French engineer, who had used this charge grenade in the war against Cneta, had achieved special results by using this charge grenade against enemy tunnels. In 1660, in a book on artillery published in Osnabrück, there was a print of an arson grenade called a 'flying ball'. The charge of such a grenade is arsenic, antimony and sulfur. The famous doctor, chemist and technologist Graubel also designed a shell filled with nitric acid and turpentine, which exploded and emitted smoke that was so irritating to the eyes that it 'smoked' the enemy. ”

"It can be said that human beings have made a lot of explorations in this area, but due to the limitations of the level of science and technology at that time, it is impossible to make a breakthrough in the fundamental surname." The application of poison in ancient warfare was a historical process that developed gradually. From the beginning of the smoke and poisons, to the gradual addition of asphalt and even arsenic, sulfur and other natural toxic chemicals; The transition from in-situ use to mixed use with gunpowder has evolved step by step, but these are at best the germ of chemical weapons. The real large-scale appearance of chemical weapons on the battlefield was during the current European war. ”

(To be continued)