Beijing, the intersection of nomadic and agrarian civilizations, could not show its strength and form an economic advantage in the east-west expansion stage of the era of continental expansion. Because of the east-west expansion stage in the era of continental expansion, iron farming tools are not suitable for the development of the frozen soil in the northeast for a long time, both in terms of quality and price. Therefore, after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the Qin State that unified China instead of the Yan State and the Chu State.

The economic base determines the superstructure, while the geographical environment determines the economic base. Whether the natural resources brought by the geographical environment can be transformed into social wealth is limited by the development of the times. Just like later generations, the United States, the only superpower in the world, was located geographically, and the original indigenous Indians could not even build civilization. Because the Indians lived in a time when cold currents from the Arctic Ocean went straight into the central Great Plains, the Indians had no way to reclaim the rich lands of the Mississippi River. This was not the case with the later European colonizers.

However, the era entered the north-south expansion stage of the era of continental expansion, and in the Tang and Song dynasties, especially in the Song Dynasty, the output of iron and steel increased significantly, and the quality of iron farm tools was not only more suitable for deep ploughing of the frozen soil in the northeast and the hard soil in the mountains, but also in terms of price, the cost of land reclamation decreased. Both the Northeast and the South have been developed on a large scale. The two economic centers of Beijing and Nanjing began to take shape.

Not only China, but also other civilizations, we can also see the advent of the north-south expansion stage in the era of continental expansion. For example, in the east-west expansion stage of the era of continental expansion, the territory expansion of the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire was east-west. In the Tang Dynasty, the Arab Empire and the Tang Dynasty, in addition to inheriting the basis of east-west expansion, began to expand from north to south, the Tang Empire incorporated the northeast of the steppe into the territory, and the territory of the Arab Empire went north to Central Asia, followed by the war between the Tang Dynasty and the Arabs.

In addition to the Arab Empire and the Tang Dynasty, the same was true in Europe, where principalities of all sizes began to be established in Eastern Europe, which had once been reserved for nomadic peoples. The former tribal confederation began to establish a unified state and build cities. The countries of Western Europe also developed, and the anarchy after the collapse of the Roman Empire ended, and began to develop from a backward fiefdom to a unified nation-state.

Many people believe that nomads can gallop the world only with war horses, because poverty requires plunder, while agricultural peoples do not have war horses to become timid and become the object of plunder. This notion is not entirely wrong, but what is wrong is that it is the source of the nomadic conquest of the world.

The progress of the times and the shift of the economic center are the root causes of the rise of nomads, in fact, when the nomads conquered the world, the nomadic economy was not their only source of income. Poverty does have to be plundered, but that doesn't mean it's triumphant. The reason why they won was not because they were poor, on the contrary, it was because they had the material and financial resources, armed themselves, and formed a huge army, that they were able to achieve victory. Plunder was just a tradition when they were poor. Just like the Mongols, in addition to the nomadic economic income, war plunder was an important source of income, and even became the main source of income, but not the only one.

In an agrarian society, the agrarian people are not timid, but do not pay much attention to military construction. The main reason is that the army does not bring wealth income, it only consumes wealth. To a certain extent, the agrarian peoples built up their armies only for the sake of defense, to prevent the emergence of possible factors that could destroy the agrarians.

There is also a concept, probably that the nomads are barbaric and are not afraid of death in war, so they plunder the farming people. Even Marx said something like this: barbarism conquers civilization by force, and civilization conquers barbarism with culture. This notion is completely wrong. If barbarism can conquer the world and conquer civilization, then what is the point of civilization? The greatest manifestation of the advanced civilization is the strength of the armed forces, and if a civilization cannot protect itself, how can it prove that it is advanced? If barbarism can conquer the world, the most powerful in future generations will not be the United States, but those terrorists and elements who do not want to die.

Speaking of which, many people will mess around again. One must ask, could it be that the Mongol civilization was more advanced than the Song civilization? Could it be that the civilization of the Manchus was more advanced than that of the Ming Dynasty? If you ask like this, you certainly don't know what civilization is. Did the Mongols, the Manchus form their own civilization alone? They are just a part of the Chinese civilization. They entered the Central Plains and established an orthodox dynasty, which had nothing to do with civilization. It was, so to speak, a war between different regimes within civilization.

They were able to rise in large part because they were under national autonomy, and in the event of the collapse of the state, they retained an independent military force. Then, with the help of this military force, he took the opportunity to occupy Beijing, the economic center, and finally gradually swept the world and established an orthodox dynasty. Judging from the national concept at that time, the various ethnic groups did not regard them as an invasion of civilization, that is, the death of the world as the thinkers of the last years of the Ming Dynasty. On the contrary, they were able to sweep away the world and unify China, precisely because of the support of the people of all nationalities. The dynasties established by the Mongols and Manchus cannot be viewed in the light of the nationalist conceptions of the West in later generations.

The Xiongnu and Mongol expeditions to the west were a contest between civilizations, just like the invasion of the Qing Dynasty by Western powers. The idea of nationalism in the West is completely different from the idea of the great unification of China and China.

As an emperor, he has supreme power. With this power, Zhao Ji artificially accelerated the course of history, and in just four years, he completed the development process from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, and the imperial capital was successfully moved from Bianjing to Shangjing. The development of Shangjing was born out of maritime trade, which relied heavily on foreign trade, had great instability, and was not suitable for dominating the north and south, but only served as a temporary capital. After ten years of rule, the capital will still be moved to Nanjing, Jiangning Prefecture.

As long as the 10-year rule is completed, the capital is moved to Nanjing, the gap between the north and the south is eliminated, the hidden danger of local separatism is eliminated, and Nanjing, the economic center, is developed, then there will be the power to unify China.

At first, Zhao Ji did not understand the meaning of the above, and Zhao Ji only wanted to open up the Silk Road at the beginning, hoping that the Song, Xia and Liao Three Kingdoms would join the alliance, and then march west together. For Zhao, his purpose was not to make the Song Dynasty so powerful, but to prosper Chinese civilization.

Zhao Ji, who came from later generations, knew that whether it was the party, the Khitan, the Jurchen, or the Mongolians, they were all members of the Chinese nation, and they were all under the great integration of nationalities, regardless of each other. Zhao Ji in later generations may have their bloodline. Many Han nationalists are hostile to ethnic minorities, but Zhao is not that angry.

The purpose of Zhao Ji was to achieve the development of Chinese civilization, so Zhao Ji changed the Song Dynasty's tradition of prohibiting the sale of Confucianism and other classics to the outside world, and used the influence of the Song Dynasty to vigorously export culture to neighboring Chinese countries.

As Zhao Ji learned more and more about the Song Dynasty and this era, Zhao Ji slowly understood the significance of moving the capital to Beijing. Therefore, it can be said that Zhao Ji's actions were not out of the original intention, but made Sima Guang and Wang Anshi, Sima Guang became a Confucius-like existence in the eyes of the people of the surrounding countries, and Wang Anshi also became a virtuous minister who promoted the common development of the nation.

The current situation is that after four years of tossing and turning by Zhao Ji, what the Great Song Dynasty needs is a conservative government that develops with peace of mind. Zhao Ji started with the military, through military dictatorship, through the way of officials not separating their families, to crack down on the control of local power by officials from wealthy families, and through the four universities, the situation of redundant officials and redundant soldiers was solved.

The important thing is that Zhao Ji established a cabinet through the issuance of Jiaozi, and gathered financial resources to develop Huguang and Liuqiu on a large scale. In order to solve the problems in the development process, the monopoly was opened to encourage the construction of workshops, and the four universities and workshops were tied together.

Zhao's various actions are based on an understanding, that is, Zhao believes that the rise of Western European civilization is due to the development of the Americas and the rapid growth of the economy, which has made Western European civilization catch up. Now, if the Chinese civilization wants to continue to maintain rapid development, it must not be comfortable in the two river basins in the world, but must go out, develop more land, and continue to grow its economy. As long as the economy continues to grow, we can accumulate production experience in the production process, obtain more social wealth, and promote the development of Chinese civilization.

Although the path pointed out by Zhao Ji for the development of Chinese civilization was correct, Zhao Ji went too fast and could not break through the limitations of history, which caused the current food crisis in the Great Song Dynasty. Under these circumstances, even the Wang Anshi lineage, which represented the big merchants in the south, became conservative, and together with the Sima Guang lineage, which represented the big landowners in the north, stabilized the current political situation and developed with peace of mind.

Moreover, because Zhao Ji forced the northern landlords and wealthy families to move south to Shangjing and Jiangning to open workshops, and encouraged southern merchants to open workshops, because of the combination of workshops and the four universities, the estrangement between the north and the south was basically eliminated, and the antagonism between merchants with capital and landlords with land and property was also mixed together in economic interests through the community of workshops, and there was no sharp antagonism.

Under these circumstances, the Great Song Dynasty now needs a conservative government to develop with peace of mind according to the existing political pattern and promote the continued development of the workshop industry.

For Wang Anshi, the main purpose of this alliance is to create a good international environment for the next ten years to rule the world. From the historical and cultural roots, the people of the Great Song Dynasty needed to forge swords into plowshares and manage their own one-third of an acre of land well. In the superior geographical production environment, the social wealth brought by development is far more than war and plunder.

Even if it is to spend money to buy peace, to the surrounding countries, and to pay the annual coins to the Western Xia and Northern Liao, it is much less than the consumption of war. In terms of the size of the economy, the most that those coins are economic aid, and the trade deficit after the peace will flow back to the Great Song Dynasty, and the Great Song Dynasty will not lose much. The annual tax revenue of the Great Song Dynasty now reaches 200 million guan, and hundreds of thousands of annual coins are drizzle.

For the weak and small economies of the neighboring countries, the income of hundreds of thousands of guan is a lot of income for them, and this income is much more than the invasion of the Great Song Dynasty and plunder. Moreover, after plundering the border of the Great Song Dynasty, after being counterattacked by the Great Song Dynasty, there was not much left of the income they plundered after deducting their military expenses for sending troops.

In other words, it is not only the Great Song Dynasty that needs a conservative government now, but also other countries. The conservative nature of all countries is the root cause of the success of this alliance.

If the Great Song Dynasty wants to implement the ten-year plan of governing the world with peace of mind, this alliance is very important. In other countries, where the monarchy is on the sidelines and the tribal rebellions are strikingly similar, they need to address external threats and concentrate on eliminating internal dangers.

Northern Liao, the current power is basically in the hands of the privy envoy of the Southern Yuan, Yelu Yixin, who colluded with Zhang Xiaojie, the prime minister of the Northern Yuan, to control the government of the Northern Liao. Fundamentally speaking, Yelu Yixin and Zhang Xiaojie represented the interests of the middle and lower class bureaucrats and aristocrats of the Northern Liao, and the interests of the various tribes in the Northern Liao court