11 military and economic
Today is the fourteenth year of Chongzhen, December 1641 in the Gregorian calendar.
The winter in Shandong is a cold winter, but the staff of Qingzhou Mansion is in full swing, and the subordinates are busy decorating the house and cleaning the courtyard. Hang red lanterns and paste red couplets. There are three days to go before the New Year, and spring is a traditional festival for the Chinese, and Li Long, who traveled from the 21st century, has such a custom.
But today something unpleasant happened. Li Zicheng is attacking Kaifeng, Henan again, if Kaifeng is broken, the next stop Li Zicheng will attack Shandong. Today is also the Chinese New Year, and it is a festive day. Li Long didn't think about Li Zicheng for the time being, so let's go to the barracks and take a look at those firearms.
After breakfast, Li Long took Yang Dali, the commander of the guard platoon, to the military camp in the northwest direction.
There were already soldiers waiting there, and after Li Long took a Lumi gun, he asked who would use the firecracker, and the garrison Zhang Cheng happily said that he would use it. And Li Long gave him a reckless gun,
Zhang Cheng used a small spoon to put the gunpowder into the gun tube little by little, then compacted it, and put the iron bullet on it. After a burst of black smoke, a hole the size of a bowl was punched out of the three-inch-thick wooden plank 100 meters away.
After everyone saw the power of the firecracker, they could stuff an egg with their mouths open. I couldn't believe the power of the firebolt......
At the same time, last night, after Li Long returned home, he issued his first decree since taking office. Tuntian: As an improvement on slash-and-burn farming, land leveling around cities can provide a large amount of arable land, which in turn stimulates urban development and population growth, albeit simply by clearing the ground with debris boxes to fill in the ravines. Ground leveling measures are so important that cities that don't have them are left hungry.
Although the economy of the Ming Dynasty is good, now the war has caused a large number of displaced people to lose their places and the land is barren. Li Long thought that the first decree to govern Qingzhou was to govern the land. This was followed by the issuance of a second decree. Now that the economy of the Ming Dynasty is about to collapse, it cannot be compared with the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which has reached the top of the economy and military at all, so it is necessary to give certain incentives to businessmen in order to improve Qingzhou's economy and taxes. Build a market: If the government decree is right, the merchants will also make every effort to expand trade and promote the prosperity of commerce, and a well-ordered market will allow local merchants to trade with peace of mind, and will also attract foreign merchants, and the market can trade all kinds of goods, and the people can get what they want. At the same time, this place where mermaids are mixed is also a place where intelligence gathers.
After these two decrees were issued, Wang Ming went to implement them.
Back at the barracks, after the test firing of the gun, the test firing of the redcoat cannon began. More than 20 hardcover men pushed out the red-clothed cannons, and Li Long ordered people to erect a wooden house on the cliff in the distance. In the afternoon, I came to the barracks.
It was still Zhang Cheng who was guarding the test firing cannon, and he skillfully asked you to wipe the cannon chamber clean with a wooden stick wrapped in a cloth, and then Zhang Cheng went to the back, and aimed at the approximate location of the house in the distance with one eye, and set the gun position. Put more than two pounds of gunpowder in the barrel, and put a solid bullet after compacting.
I saw Zhang Cheng lighting the fuse with a torch, and there was a loud "boom", and there were three earthquakes, and after a cloud of black smoke, the wooden square in the distance was blown into powder.
"Good", "Great," Li Long applauded. "Our army has such weapons, why worry about the Tartars not being destroyed"
After test-firing the musket artillery, Li Long arranged for Zhang Cheng to train a musket artillery unit. The number of people is not too large, and the 1,500 musketeers are trained first. In addition, the soldiers' weapons should be carefully maintained. If I see that there are still people whose knives are rusty, you guard will go to the house and farm.
In a flash, three days passed. New Year's Day.
It is also the beginning of Chongzhen's fifteenth year. There are still ten months left before the Qing soldiers will enter the customs for the fifth time.
"Bang, bang, bang, bangβ" The gunfire rang out and the smoke filled the air. Seventy paces away, the thick wooden targets that had been erected had been shattered.
"Stop!"
Although today is the first day of the Lunar New Year, Li Long still did not forget the situation of his first musket team, and came to the barracks to check on Zhang Cheng's training
With Zhang Cheng's order, the musketeers also stopped firing and came to report their results to him. The musketeers used bird-gun shots, timed by hourglass clocks, and in a three-minute period, the fastest soldier could fire seven times, and the least four times. On average, more than one shot can be fired in a minute.
In addition to training veterans in the mountains and jungles, Li Long also attached great importance to the training of musketeers, after all, this branch of the army will be the development trend of the army in the future, and it is also the branch of the army that he will inevitably focus on developing in the future.
The training plan for musketeers was formulated by Li Long, Zhang Cheng, Liu Shupei, and Chen Jixiang through joint consultation, and Li Long certainly knew that the musket accuracy of this era was limited, so he did not pursue the accuracy of the soldiers, but only required each soldier to be able to fire at the fastest speed, anyway, the faster the better. Zhang Cheng and Liu Shupei also agreed with Li Long's training goals, so the first thing was to train each soldier to reload and fire ammunition.
Due to the limited number of guns at present, the service life of the guns, and the high quality of the guns, every soldier is trained with bird guns, and can only practice ten live firing shots a day. At that time, at other times, the soldiers also had to hold the empty fire gun, and constantly practiced a series of actions such as purging, filling, compacting, and ignition, until they were proficient, even if they closed their eyes, they could successfully complete this series of actions for this.
At this time, the nearly 500 firearms that were basically completely scrapped became the best practice tools, and they were the best waste utilization. Therefore, although only more than ten days of training were carried out, the training volume of the soldiers was much larger than that of any musket team before the Ming Dynasty.
Zhang Cheng was very satisfied with such results, and thought that even if they were placed in the entire Ming army, the results of the Qingzhou soldiers could be regarded as outstanding. And it only took more than ten days of training time for the musketeers brought by himself to reach such a level, which is enough to be proud.
Therefore, Zhang Chengxing rushed to report to Li Long the current achievements of the musketeers, and the smug look on his face was also overflowing.
After listening to his report, Li Long did not say anything about it, but asked Zhang Cheng to go back and prepare, and after a while, he would personally watch the firing training of the musketeers.
After receiving Li Long's order, Zhang Cheng immediately returned to the training ground and immediately began to set it up, he first selected 800 soldiers with fast firing speed, each of whom could reach more than five times in three minutes, and several of them could reach seven times in three minutes. At the same time, he ordered people to arrange targets. After everything was done, Li Long also came to the training ground.
However, Li Long didn't come alone, he also brought Yang Dali's guard platoon. After arriving at the training ground, the guard platoon was behind the musketeers, and also erected wooden figures for training spears, apparently preparing to start spear training.
Li Longzhi didn't care about the arrangement of the guard platoon, but said to Zhang Cheng: "Zhang Shoubei, can you start?" β
Zhang Cheng didn't understand, what did Li Long do when he brought the guard platoon to the training ground for musketeers? But it was also inconvenient to ask in detail, and when Li Long asked him if he could start, he immediately said: "Don't worry, general, you can start now." β
Li Long nodded and said, "Okay, then let's start." β
Zhang Cheng immediately ordered everyone else to withdraw from the target, and ordered the selected musketeers to enter the preparatory position, then looked at the table clock and said loudly: "Musketeers prepare - start." β
I saw that every musketeer took out a small bamboo tube and steel ball containing a certain amount of gunpowder from his shoulder pocket, and then very skillfully poured the gunpowder steel ball into the pipe gun and compacted it.
However, at this moment, an unexpected situation happened. While the musketeers were filling in, the guard platoon behind them also began to practice spearing. Eight hundred soldiers stood in a line, spears raised, and sprinted towards the humanoid target twenty paces away, shouting "Kill-kill-kill-"
In the sudden shouting behind them, the musketeers who were reloading were obviously greatly affected, and many of them were unsteady in their hands and spilled all the gunpowder. Even if the gunpowder can be accurately poured into the barrel, the speed is greatly slowed down, and the subsequent compaction, lead, ignition and other procedures are constantly accidents.
Seeing this scene, Zhang Cheng couldn't help but sweat profusely at this time, looked at the table clock, and thirty seconds had passed, and no musketeer could finish the first shot. Behind the musketeers, the young corps was still practicing spear stabbing, and the sound of "kill-kill-kill-" and the sound of rapid running footsteps were still coming.
It wasn't until almost a minute later that the first shot was fired, and then gunshots rang out. Immediately after the first shot, the musketeers went through the process of taking medicine, reloading ammunition, and filling to prepare for the second shot.
When the time of three minutes was up, only eight of the 800 musketeers who participated in the shooting drill had fired five shots, most of the others had completed three or four shots, and three had fired only two shots. Compared to the usual training, it can be said that it is a big failure. At this time, the guards were still practicing guns.
Zhang Cheng stood in front of Li Long, lowered his head and did not look at Li Long. The 800 musketeers who participated in the shooting drill were also ashamed, but many of them also had indignant expressions on their faces, apparently believing that Li Long had brought the guard platoon to interfere with their shooting drills, which had caused them to not perform at their normal level.
Li Long said at this time: "I know that you have been practicing hard and hard for a while, and your grades have improved very quickly. And you weren't happy with the shooting drill just now, and thought I shouldn't have brought the guard platoon to interfere with you. And I also believe that without the interference of the guard platoon, you would definitely not be where you are now. But you must also understand that you are training now to go to the battlefield to face the enemy. Know that the enemy will not give you a quiet environment to shoot, they will not only interfere with you, but they will also kill you in front of you and shoot arrows at you. If you can't even stand the slightest disturbance now, then going to the battlefield is a dead end. So you need to continue to practice hard, in an environment where there are all kinds of distractions. β
After listening to Li Long's words, the soldiers who were still a little indignant just now also lowered their heads, Zhang Cheng looked up at Li Long and said, "My lord, I understand what my lord meant, my lord is really well-intentioned." But don't worry, I know what to do. Ten days later, we will invite you to come and see our shooting drills, and you will not be disappointed again. β
Li Long also nodded and said, "Okay, I believe you will be able to do it." β
Of course, Li Long knows that quiet training and the real battlefield are two different things, so in ordinary training, he has always insisted that training is mainly based on simulated actual combat. The cosmic powers of the era before him traveled had a traditional strength in the Olympics β archery. Ju said that in order to improve the athletes' ability to resist interference during the competition, in the usual training, the recorded live noise will be inserted in the training ground, and the sound is louder than the actual scene, so that the archery project can flourish for a long time. Although Li Long did not have a good impression of the great powers of the universe, he had to admit that their harsh training methods were indeed very effective and worthy of reference.
In the ensuing time, he and Zhang Cheng also tried all kinds of ways to improve the anti-interference ability of the musketeers. All kinds of gongs and drums were used. He also specially invited people to shout "kill" and "rush" around them. He even made a few ironclad cars that could not be pierced by muskets, and when the musketeers practiced shooting, they were pushed and rammed into the musketeers.
Under such rigorous training, the musketeers' ability to resist jamming is also increasing.
While supervising the training of musketeers, Li Long did not relax in the production and repair of musketeers. At present, the blacksmith shop has not started to make new firecrackers, and the restoration work is basically the mainstay, and Liu Shupei also soaks in the blacksmith shop every day to personally supervise the quality of the restoration.
At present, there are two types of firearms in the Muling Army, namely the Bird Gun and the Lumi Gun. Comparatively speaking, the structure of the bird gun is relatively simple, the main result is to make the gun pipe, first after the wrought iron is red, put on a steel core to knock, roll into an iron pipe, and then wrap it in several layers after cooling, the knocking is fine, and after reaching a certain thickness, the steel core is extracted, and a section of the gun pipe is completed.
After a few sections of the pipe are done, it is necessary to weld them together one by one, this process is the most critical, and it is easy to blow up and bored if the welding is not good. After the pipe is welded, it is necessary to drill out the boring with a steel cone to break out the crosshairs, and then scrape the boring with a steel bar, and then assemble all kinds of them. Sometimes a single tube can be made up to a month. Therefore, the quality of the bird gun is 90% based on the quality of the gun, and the quality of the gun tube is also 90% based on the quality of the welding.
However, such a process cannot help but be time-consuming, and it also requires a high degree of blacksmith craftsmanship, and there are more than 40 blacksmiths in Mulingguan, and less than 10 people can reach the level of making pipes. In this era, there is a simple mechanical drilling machine that can directly drill and grind the pipe, both in terms of efficiency and accuracy, it is much better than hand-made. Although Liu Shupei knows the practice of this mechanical drilling machine, it is too late to use this mechanical drilling machine in Mulingguan, so he can only rely on manual construction.
However, according to his own information, Li Long learned that in this era, the guns of European muskets and Japanese iron cannons were directly knocked out layer by layer directly on a steel core, without welding, and such guns were thicker than Chinese musket barrels, so the range was closer. The effective range is about 800 to 70 paces, and if you want to penetrate the triple armor, you can only do it within 50 steps.
However, because the gun tube does not need to be welded, it is not allowed to explode, and the gun tube is thicker, and it is loaded with more gunpowder, and the power is greater. At the same time, the production process and time are much simplified, ordinary blacksmiths can build, and it only takes more than ten days to make a pipe.
After much thought, Li Long decided to use a non-welded gun. Because Li Long knew that the bow and arrow of this era, except for a few special strong bows, the range of ordinary bows and arrows was only 800 to 70 steps, and if you wanted to shoot through the iron armor, you had to enter the range of less than 50 steps. In comparison, the Bird Gun still has a slight advantage in range, and it is much more powerful. At the same time, it also has the advantages of fast production speed and simple process, and generally speaking, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
The structure of the Lumi gun itself is very complex, because it is a gun pipe, which is the result of the integration of the pipe body without segments, and it is a double-layer milling pipe, and the inside and outside are connected in the opposite direction, so the gun pipe has excellent safety, so the service life is much longer than that of the bird, and there is no need to replace the gun pipe frequently.
A well-made Missile, with a range of 150 paces and much more accurate than a bird's gun, could even be used as a sniper rifle of this era. It's just that the manufacturing method is extremely complicated, but it is only those two that can be closely combined to control the beating and polishing. It takes an old technician who has been in the art for more than ten years to complete. The blacksmiths in Mulingguan have not yet been able to make it. However, the Lumi guns that need to be repaired are generally not faulty with the guns, but the other structures are not well maintained, so they can basically be repaired.
However, it is precisely because the production of the Lumi gun is extremely precise, and it is temporarily impossible to make the gun, so the musketeers do not use the Lumi gun when they train with live ammunition, but use the bird gun.
However, Liu Shupei has studied Lu Mi Gong a lot, and also conceived several improvement methods, under the premise of slightly reducing the performance, the manufacturing process can be greatly simplified, but the gun pipe must use a drilling machine.
Therefore, after Li Long discussed with Liu Shupei and others, he also decided to let Liu Shupei draw the drawings of the mechanical drilling machine first, and after all the fire guns were repaired, he began to manufacture the mechanical drilling machine. Then he was ready to start manufacturing the Lumi gun that had been improved by Liu Shupei.
Another important point that determines the power of the firearm is the gunpowder. Although black powder is not very powerful, in this day and age, there is no other choice. You can only try to tap the potential of black powder.
There are two main ways to improve the power of black powder, one is the purification and reasonable ratio of the three elements that make up black powder: charcoal, nitrate, and sulfur. The higher the purity of the raw material, the more powerful the black powder will be. And the appropriate ratio also increases the power of black powder as much as possible. In Li Long's computer, there are three recipes for black powder, which are used as explosives, cannonballs, and bullets. All of them are the best proportions that have been proven by hundreds of years of practice and later scientific experiments. Li Long naturally took it for himself without any favoritism.
Although the gunpowder craftsmen in Shandong also questioned Li Long's formula, they still demanded that the new gunpowder be prepared in accordance with Li Long's formula.
Another way to make black powder more powerful is to make granular black powder. Because granular black powder creates gaps and contains oxygen, it can make the gunpowder burn fully with less residue, which is not much more powerful than powdered sharp powder, and it is also easy to store and transport. In the 16th century, granular gunpowder was introduced to China, and Qi Jiguang used granular gunpowder in Qi's army, but it did not become mainstream in China, so the gunpowder craftsmen in Mulingguan now do not make granular gunpowder.
Fortunately, this did not bother Li Long, and the main way to make granular black powder was the wet method, which is said to have been invented by the French. It is to first dissolve the appropriate amount of nitrate into the water, and knead the mixture of charcoal and sulfur into it; Gradually press them into a powdery shape with a stone wheel or a large glue and mix them evenly to form a large cake; In the process of pressing, the water gradually dries, and the saltpeter will form crystals from scratch to wrap the carbon powder and sulfur; Then the flatbread is broken into small particles in stages, polished with graphite powder, and packaged after consideration.
In the process of production, the use of water greatly reduces the possibility of dust explosion, and the recrystallization of saltpeter can firmly bind other raw materials together, making it stable in quality.
According to the method provided by Li Long, the gunpowder craftsman really made the gunpowder into a granule, which looked like instant coffee or banlan root powder in later generations. With granular gunpowder, artillery guns are not only more powerful, but can also be used to make simple grenades.
And Li Long also introduced another major invention in the history of the development of muskets - paper cylinders to set gunpowder.
The paper tube is filled with gunpowder, which is to wrap the amount of gunpowder and projectile in a long paper tube, bite the paper tube with your mouth when loading, pour some gunpowder into the fire door first, and the rest of the gunpowder is even if the projectile is all stuffed into the gun, and sometimes you can also stuff a piece of deerskin to ensure the tightness of the filling. This not only ensures the power of each shot, but also greatly reduces the loading steps of gunpowder and speeds up the firing.
In the Ming army, the bird gunners in the ammunition loading, in fact, there is a certain customization, in the Qi army, the bird gunners each carry a bamboo tube filled with gunpowder is quantitative. In the other bag was also fifty-three leads. But this practice was not popularized in the Ming army, and after all, the gunpowder and projectiles were separated, and the bamboo pipe could not be directly stuffed into the gun tube. Therefore, there is still no paper tube to order gunpowder, which is easy to use.
And Liu Shupei also greatly admired Li Long, these techniques seemed very simple in later generations, but in this era, they have great childlike significance, and have a very important role in the improvement and development of the performance of firecrackers. It seems that Li Long's attention to firearms is not ordinary, and there is still a very deep research. Being able to do things under such a knowledgeable person, Liu Shupei also felt very comfortable.
Due to the accumulation in the previous period, now Qingzhou Mansion not only has more than 2,000 catties of ready-made gunpowder, but also has more than 5,000 catties of raw materials for making gunpowder. And it is able to produce wood charcoal and nitrate on its own. But now Li Long plans to use granular gunpowder and paper tubes to order gunpowder, and even make improvised grenades, so the workload of making gunpowder is also greater. But now there are only 12 gunpowder craftsmen in Mulingguan, and there is no fire when making gunpowder, and they can only work during the day, so it seems that there are very few people.
Therefore, Li Long also recruited 800 young women from among the residents who were more dexterous in their crafts and assigned them to help make gunpowder in the gunpowder workshop. In fact, it is not difficult to make gunpowder, and it is more suitable for women to order gunpowder and paper tubes for simple grenades. In this way, a process as complex and difficult as making granular gunpowder is made by craftsmen. The women are only responsible for crushing wood charcoal, nitrate, sulfur and other raw materials into powder in the early stage, and then quantitatively proportioning, and in the later stage, they just fill the granules of gunpowder into paper shells and seal them.
Moreover, Li Long also asked the carpentry workshop to make a batch of containers for the proportion of gunpowder, and the women only needed to pack the various raw materials in different containers and hand them over to the gunpowder craftsmen, so as to ensure that the ratio of the raw materials would not go wrong. In this way, the efficiency of the production of gunpowder was also greatly improved.
Li Long's current focus on improving the process is the firecracker, and the existing more than 20 large and small artillery pieces in Qingzhou City will not be dealt with for the time being, but in addition to only some simple maintenance, some small improvements have also been added.
First of all, the ears of each cannon were added, and the gun carriage and wheels were tailor-made, and a special vehicle was made for transporting the artillery, so that the firing angle of the gun could be easily adjusted, and at the same time, a lot of energy could be saved when moving the artillery, and the gun could be carried out in a wide range.
Originally, Li Long also wanted to introduce a key technology to artillery, that is, to use a ruler to improve the accuracy of artillery. And also made a special ruler for each concoction. But despite the simplicity of these calculations, the artillerymen's level of education was so poor that almost no one could read, so Li Long taught them for a few days, but no one knew how to use them. Li Long had no choice but to give up this plan for the time being. It seems that it is urgent to train a new generation of artillerymen who are knowledgeable and educated.
However, it seems that the existing gunners can not be counted on, and the guard platoon must be accompanied as the backbone of the future artillery.
Liu Shupei was fully responsible for the production of artillery, muskets, and gunpowder, and he was very busy every day. Fan Qian always studied the art of war, although there is nothing he can do for the time being, but he also goes back and forth in various training grounds every day, watching the training of the soldiers, and sometimes exchanging experiences with Li Long and other generals about the art of war.
Therefore, Li Long asked him to teach the guard platoon to teach, and also to teach arithmetic, just to have something to do, and from his heart, he also hopes to make arithmetic popular in the Ming Dynasty, although Li Long only needs him to teach the guard platoon some simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, without too complicated calculations, but for Fan Qian, it is also a very good errand, so he also rushed to take office.
For arithmetic, Li Long also considered using Arabic numerals instead of traditional Chinese numerals. Because in many time-traveling novels, the main character has done something like this. And Arabic numerals are indeed very simple and more practical, and can be easily used to perform arithmetic formulas. And Van Qian always knows Arabic numerals.
However, in practical use, it encountered a big trouble, Arabic numerals are horizontally arranged characters, while ancient Chinese typography is vertical. This is also very different in practice. Moreover, Fan Qian also objected to the introduction of Arabic numerals, and the objection was actually the Fanyi script, how could it replace the dignified Chinese characters, which made Li Long feel that he couldn't laugh or cry.
However, Li Long immediately thought of a solution, which was to use simplified Chinese numbers, and of course, when using the number "zero", it was still a circle. At this time, the advantages of the square word are immediately reflected, and it does not matter whether there is no visit or horizontal or vertical. Moreover, the convenience of Arabic numerals can achieve, and the simplified Chinese characters are no less impressive. Mr. Fan Qian also praised Li Long's initiative, and immediately decided to use this simplified Chinese character number for teaching.
On the third day of the Lunar New Year, inside the yamen of Qingzhou Mansion. Li Long was sorting out the materials that had been suppressed in the past few days because of the Chinese New Year, and Wang Ming came at this time and reported: "General, the problem of clearing the land has been completed, whether to let the prisoners go to Tuntian."
Li Long went up to the next piece of paper from the case, this is the decree I wrote about Tuntian, you can take a look at it first. As he spoke, he handed a piece of yellow paper to Wang Ming.
Wang Ming took it and looked at it carefully, and said excitedly: "General, high." You've got a good trick. Once the land has been leveled, the government can organize prisoners, unemployed vagrants and homeless people to collectively reclaim the land, and through the sharing of resources and convenient transportation, collective farming can achieve the effect of promoting food production, which greatly improves the various disadvantages of individuals."
Li Long snickered and thought, don't praise me. This was all in the Republic period three hundred years later, when Emperor Taizu of the Republic formulated the land public ownership system and the commune system. Although the commune system did not succeed in the republic because power was not centralized enough at that time, it is not necessarily now, and I alone have the final say in this Qingzhou. So the commune system will definitely succeed at this time. If you want to thank you, go and thank the great grandfather of the republic in another time and space.
Then Li Long said: "Does Wang Ming have any new discoveries?" These days? β
Wang Ming thought for a while and realized: "Yes, in the past few days, I have seen some blonde and blue-eyed foreigners in the streets and alleys of Qingzhou City, I don't know what they are here for, they have taken crosses on the street to pull the people to talk, and there is one more thing, after the market in Qingzhou was built, there are many local merchants who buy and sell iron ore on the street, you see?" Whether to send troops to arrest them"
Iron ore was a resource of the government in ancient times, and iron could be made into weapons or agricultural tools, and if used properly, it was a farming tool, if you were suspicious. For example, Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzong will use it to build weapons to rebel. Therefore, iron ore was privately mined by the imperial court, which was forbidden by the imperial court.
Li Long thought for a moment and said, "Go and bring the merchants selling iron ore and the foreigners wandering the streets to the General's Mansion."
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