During this time, Datang's industrialization was based and made great progress. Pen @ fun @ pavilion wWw. ｂｉｑUｇE。 info First of all, a large number of machine tools are used. It's not a simple machine yet.

The first is the hydraulic drill. To make a firearm, the most troublesome thing is to drill the bore, and a craftsman may grind it for about 20 days. A hole can be drilled. But this kind of repetitive and monotonous thing, Li Chen directly asked them to replace it with water power. Stable and powerful.

Li Chen also asked the craftsman to use gears to adjust the speed, so that the apprentice could take care of six drill pads, and each drill floor could drill like this, and produce six drills a month. If you rush to work day and night, you can double it again.

Isn't that remarkable? In fact, it is just a concept. But the ancients just didn't expect it. Westerners didn't expect it either. It wasn't until 1774 that Wilkinson came up with the first hydraulic bore machine to drill a cannon bore with hydraulic power.

Of course, Li Chen is not the only one who proposes this, the key to building a Ferguson rifle is screws. It is necessary to have a screw drilling and fabrication machine that can provide stable tolerances in order to be successful, more precisely, in mass production. Didn't the Westerners produce machine tools for screws in large quantities? Actually, it's quite late.

It was probably not until the middle of the eighteenth century that it was gradually proposed. However, it does not have the conditions for large-scale stable production. Why? Because of instability.

The origin of machine tools is actually very early, and Datang also has machine tools, but they are very simple. It is a simple workbench that can be used to cut wood, and it is all made of wood.

Westerners, too, waited until the eighteenth century for the emergence of machine tools made of metal. After all, iron was still very expensive at that time.

It was not until the nineteenth century that Henry, who was revered as the father of machine tools. Maudsley used all-cast iron to make the lathe, which greatly improved the stability of the lathe.

Of course, just changing the material, not so great, his greatness is that in 1797, he made the first thread cutting lathe, which has a screw and a smooth bar, and uses a sliding tool holder - Mohs knife holder and guide rail, which can turn threads of different pitches. This was the prototype of the modern lathe and was of great significance to the British Industrial Revolution.

More importantly, from his beginning, there was an industrialized standard lathe available, which solved the problem of manufacturing precision cylinders and screws. Thirty years later, some people began to try to use standardized industrial templates to copy a large number of mechanical parts.

Li Chen put all this early, although he didn't know much about the history of machine tools, and he didn't know much about machinery, but thanks to his half a year of relevant training. I have seen many modern machine tools, including CNC machine tools. It's all old-fashioned, but that's the general structure and meaning.

He put forward the ideas of those machines, like rock climbing, moving at one point and not moving at three points. Try to give full play to imagination and creativity, and replace labor with stable machines. The Warden of Ordnance and the Royal Research Institute worked together to refine it and study how it could be more stable to produce parts of the same specification.

Again, many times, it's a matter of perception. Henry. Maudsley didn't invent the machine at once, he had a talent for mechanics, and he worked as a carpenter for eight years, and at that time there was a machine in the shop for cutting wooden sticks and showing him.

That machine can fix the sticks, and then the craftsman steps on them with his feet to make the sticks turn. Then, with a knife in hand, slowly approach, to cut the stick. It can be smooth, but the size depends on experience. Accuracy is not enough.

But this kind of machine is not unique to that carpentry shop, after eight years of apprenticeship, and even a lifetime of old carpentry, there are many, that is, Henry. Maudsley alone came up with the idea of improving the modern machine tool. Become the father of modern machine tools.

For example, tightening the chamber of a gun with screws may be cumbersome to Westerners. But the Orientals have long used it. In the Ming Dynasty, there was such a screw on the tail to solve the problem of air tightness, and the effect was also good, but it was labor-intensive and had to be slowly ground little by little. It's not that it can't be done, it's that it takes effort.

And with this kind of machinery, many later generations of machine tools have been copied. For example, in 1817, Roberts invented the gantry lathe. This is known as an industrial hen, and it can process large parts, or multiple objects at the same time. After more than ten years of hard work and improvement, he began to try to copy mechanical parts on a large scale

Turret lathes, this kind of lathes can be loaded with many tools, adaptable to different tolerances, and requirements. This was invented by the American Fitch in 1845.

That is, thanks to these machine tools, the Tang Dynasty gradually had the foundation for large-scale industrial development. But that's it for now.

Li Chen even wanted to develop Mini bomb in one step. This is the rifle. However, there is no way, considering the mass production of threaded bullets, he has a large head, and the kind of cork that fits the specifications also needs to be mass-produced.

Now that he can produce Ferguson rifles in large quantities, he is thankful that Datang is not unable to produce bullets, but it is unable to produce bullets in large quantities. The Ferguson rifle still uses lead bullet, so it has a range, which is slightly inferior to the real rifle.

With round lead bullets, the air tightness problem is more difficult to solve, although lead will expand when heated, but after all, unlike Mini bullets, it is pushed at the beginning.

But there is no way to do this, round lead bullets, as long as there is a fire on the battlefield and there is a mold, it can be made quickly. Threaded bullets? Wash and sleep.

Of course, Li Chen is not a real rifle that does not work Mini bullets, but it is only manufactured in small quantities. When necessary, it can be used as a sniper rifle. Large-scale installation, unrealistic.

In addition to the machine tool, Li Chen also achieved another thing. It is the mass production of steel. Didn't converters be used to produce steel a long time ago? That's right, Bese Maide converter steelmaking is a major discovery, and it has long been used by Li Chen.

However, when the research on the Ferguson rifle was completed, Li Chen asked how much material to use, but it took 40 catties of steel to make it into fine steel and make the barrel, and he was messy.

What more steel does this need? The converter steelmaking method is still used today. It's just that in the future, he will use the top blowing high-pressure oxygen steelmaking method, and he is currently blowing air, and he is studying how to produce oxygen, and when the research is successful, the steelmaking speed can be faster. Although you can't use a lot of pure oxygen, you can always get a little bit of mixed it to improve the purity.

Isn't that steel? How powerful is this handiwork? He used to be very strange, looking at ancient texts. Dozens of catties of wrought iron can be beaten into stainless steel, how to beat it like this?

You say that iron ore turns into steel, and it costs dozens of catties to a few catties, which is a matter of purity. But steel is the difference between pig iron and wrought iron, and the amount of carbon is just too much.

How to fight wrought iron? Hit until the volume is reduced and turned into steel? Should wrought iron not be carburized? In terms of weight, even steel is better than wrought iron. Even if there are many impurities in pig iron, there is no need to shrink so much if pig iron is to be made into steel.

Furthermore, can't wrought iron hit the barrel? Dozens of catties of wrought iron can be beaten into a few catties of steel pipes. Even I gave you steel, how do you reduce the volume and make it into steel? This manual is more powerful than machinery, and the volume can be reduced so much?

It turned out that it was a waste problem. There are a lot of scraps, a lot of materials, and I don't know which genius this record, recording how many wrought iron has become beaten into steel, saying that dozens of catties of wrought iron have become a few catties of steel... I don't know how long it took to do this.

It was because of this that Li Chen thought of the Martin open-hearth steelmaking method. This is the modern mass production of steel, which is to build huge open-hearth furnaces, instead of converters, and inject air from the top to burn, and then the molten steel can flow out from the bottom port.

Compared to converter steelmaking, it is slower. The converter may only take a quarter of an hour (a quarter in the Tang Dynasty, half an hour. You can make steel, but open-hearth steelmaking takes a day.

However, there is a large amount of it. Open-hearth stoves can be made very large, making up time with quantity. What's more, it doesn't pick iron at all. Some ores are not suitable for converters, but open-hearth furnaces do not refuse, and even some scrap iron and pig iron ore can be used. It is completely possible to scrap the barrel and return it to the furnace for reuse.

Li Chen knocked his head, how could he forget this open-hearth steelmaking method. China's iron ore, with many poor ores and many impurities, is suitable for open-hearth steelmaking. In the future, you don't even need to turn the iron ore into pig iron, just throw it directly into the open-hearth. And the slag is just used to make cement. Li Chen hates wasting it.

In this way, there is such a Ferguson rifle to be mass-produced, drilling is no longer a problem, tolerance problem, Li Chen has long had vernier calipers, plus a large amount of steel, the all-steel type four rifle can be realized. This is even more powerful than the Ferguson rifle in history.

Because it is made of all-steel, it can withstand greater bore pressure, and the power is naturally much greater than that of his "predecessors".

Got the gun out, it's time to shoot. The cannon is then demonstrated. I've seen this thing for a long time. Now the prime ministers will not be shocked by a cannon, but then they are still shocked.

The gunner had to operate, and he was skilled enough to fire a single shot, accurately hitting the target hundreds of kilometers away. Everyone was stunned.

What kind of cannon is this? It's terrible, as soon as this weapon comes out, how can this be filed? Power, rate of fire, range, all of them.

This cannon shot hundreds of zhang, and in modern times it is 2,600 meters, which is already the most powerful in ancient times. You must know that even the bed crossbow, which is claimed to be the most powerful and has the farthest range, has a range of only 1.5 kilometers in modern times. The range of this cannon is completely defeated by the bed crossbow, and it can be slinged.

This is the capital that Li Chen relies on, even if you move the bed crossbow to the battlefield, don't want to suppress the Shence army with long-range firepower. Bed crossbows don't work, let alone those crossbows in your hands.

'This is?? The prime ministers stepped forward in shock, and they were very powerful. That's right, they look carefully, microcosm.

'This cannon wall is not smooth. Zheng Lang groped, "Go back to the old saying." This is rifling. The shell will advance along the rifling line in the chamber, and once it is discharged, it will be affected by the rifling, and the accuracy and accuracy will be greatly improved. ’

The gun has been realized, and this cannon, of course, is rifled. There are also cannonballs, but this cannonball is not glorious, and there are protruding particles on the surface, which are zinc. The cylinder had a cannonball with eight dots on it, in a row of two or two. This is just in line with rifling, not like the Mini bullet, working on the tail end.

'Ladies and gentlemen, this cannon is a four-type artillery. Total weight.... The Ordnance Superintendent began to introduce the cannon. This cannon, don't look at the far, this is a field artillery, the weight is very light, very light, only two hundred and thirty kilograms.

The whole body is made of steel, and it is still a front-loading gun. The shell weighed about 3 kg. When operating, four people are required to operate. Because it is very light, it only takes one horse to pull it when it is pulled. Fully meets the standards of field artillery.

Several prime ministers listened and watched carefully. Just look at this cannon, standing on a gun carriage, which is supported by two major wheels. There are cannon lugs, which can be adjusted slightly.

Then the gunner began to demonstrate again. What else is there to demonstrate? Yes First of all, the shell, the gunner first carefully drilled something in front of the shell.

'It's a fuse. ', the Ordnance Superintendent introduced. It is said that it is a fuse, but it is not entirely true. This thing is a firing pin, but the tip is coated with phosphorus, which is very easy to ignite. When it hits, it really pierces into the cylindrical cannonball, triggering the gunpowder inside. Basically, the effect is very good, the trigger rate is high, and the safety is also good because it is installed separately.

This is not only safe, but also convenient to manufacture, artillery shells, can be mass-produced with molds, and then the front is empty, which can be easily filled with gunpowder, the fuse is separated, and there is no fear of exploding during transportation.

The only trouble is that the fuse must be turned in front of the shell before firing, but this is only a minor disadvantage compared to the advantages. That is, to be able to tap a certain tolerance range of screws, in order to do so.

The gunner loads the fuse, and the loader is busy putting the medicine bag into the gun chamber, fixing the paper bag, containing the granular gunpowder, and quantifying the design, so that the firing speed is faster, and the number of powder bags can be adjusted, and the distance can be adjusted.

Then there was another shot, with a flat range of 2,600 meters, hitting the target and exploding. Shrapnel shot everywhere, and the humanoid markers fell to the ground one after another within more than 10 meters.

With this sharp weapon, why worry about the injustice of the country. Li Deyu exclaimed. Li Chen was very satisfied with the effect. This cannon is imitated in 1859, and the French front-loading cannon is made.

It can be so advanced, mainly because of technological progress. Drilling is no longer a difficult thing, making a cannon is a simple internal cooling iron mold design, molten steel out of the oven, directly poured into the mold, no effort is taken, stable and reliable gun barrel will come out.

Then there was another kind of cannon, just see this cannon, the barrel of the cannon is thick, twice as large as the cannon just seen, and the cannon body is also very long, several times heavier than the light cannon just now.

'Saints, elders, this is a four-style mortar cannon. The mortar cannon is an engineering gun, which can even reach a range of four kilometers, firing solid shells, specially used to hit the city wall.

This mortar cannon made Li Chen undecided, the city wall in this era has almost no resistance, and the big four-type cannon is enough for people to drink a pot, is there any need to make a mortar cannon?

And compared to the mortar cannon, the other kind of cannon made him worry even more, and he kept thinking about whether this kind of cannon was necessary. Then, they visited the kind of cannon that made Li Chen's heart worry, the legendary Napoleonic cannon. (To be continued.) )